Chromosomes are dynamic entities, whose organization and structure depend on the concerted activity of DNA-binding proteins and DNA-processing enzymes. In bacteria, chromosome replication, segregation, compaction and transcription are all occurring simultaneously, and to ensure that these processes are appropriately coordinated, all bacteria employ a mix of well-conserved and species-specific proteins. Unusually, Streptomyces bacteria have large, linear chromosomes and life cycle stages that include multigenomic filamentous hyphae and unigenomic spores. Moreover, their prolific secondary metabolism yields a wealth of bioactive natural products. These different life cycle stages are associated with profound changes in nucleoid structure and chromosome compaction, and require distinct repertoires of architectural—and regulatory—proteins. To date, chromosome organization is best understood during Streptomyces sporulation, when chromosome segregation and condensation are most evident, and these processes are coordinated with synchronous rounds of cell division. Advances are, however, now being made in understanding how chromosome organization is achieved in multigenomic hyphal compartments, in defining the functional and regulatory interplay between different architectural elements, and in appreciating the transcriptional control exerted by these ‘structural’ proteins.

中文翻译：

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压实和控制-链霉菌中染色体组织蛋白的作用。

染色体是动态的实体，其组织和结构取决于DNA结合蛋白和DNA加工酶的协同活性。在细菌中，染色体复制，分离，紧实和转录都是同时发生的，并且为了确保适当协调这些过程，所有细菌都使用了保守性良好且物种特异性的蛋白质的混合物。与众不同的是，链霉菌细菌具有大而线性的染色体，其生命周期阶段包括多基因组丝状菌丝和单基因组孢子。此外，它们丰富的次级代谢产生了大量的生物活性天然产物。这些不同的生命周期阶段与核苷酸结构和染色体紧缩的深刻变化相关，并且需要不同的结构蛋白和调节蛋白。迄今为止，在链霉菌中最好地了解染色体的组织最明显的是染色体的分离和凝缩，这些过程与细胞分裂的同步循环协调。但是，现在在了解如何在多基因组菌丝区室中实现染色体组织，定义不同结构元件之间的功能和调节相互作用以及了解由这些“结构”蛋白施加的转录控制方面取得了进展。