Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of CVD. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) is that mtDNA fragments are released outside the cell and into the circulation by cell necrosis and secretion. The levels of ccf-mtDNA are increased in CVD and associated risk conditions, including hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension. MtDNA containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and can trigger inflammation that aggravates tissue injury by activating toll-like receptor 9, inflammasomes, and the stimulator of interferon genes pathway. Here, we review the expanding field of ccf-mtDNA-mediated inflammation and its role in the progression of CVD.

中文翻译：

---

无细胞线粒体 DNA 在心血管疾病中的促炎作用

心血管疾病 (CVD) 是发病率和死亡率的主要原因。炎症有助于 CVD 的发病机制和进展。循环无细胞线粒体DNA（ccf-mtDNA）是mtDNA片段通过细胞坏死和分泌释放到细胞外并进入循环。ccf-mtDNA 水平在 CVD 和相关风险条件下增加，包括高胆固醇血症、糖尿病和动脉高血压。MtDNA 含有未甲基化的 CpG 二核苷酸，可通过激活 Toll 样受体 9、炎症小体和干扰素基因通路的刺激物来引发炎症，从而加重组织损伤。在这里，我们回顾了 ccf-mtDNA 介导的炎症的扩展领域及其在 CVD 进展中的作用。