The synthesis of energy systems is a two-stage optimization problem where design decisions have to be implemented here-and-now (first stage), while for the operation of installed components, we can wait-and-see (second stage). To identify a sustainable design, we need to account for both economical and environmental criteria leading to multi-objective optimization problems. However, multi-objective optimization does not lead to one optimal design but to multiple Pareto-efficient design options in general. Thus, the decision maker usually has to decide manually which design should finally be implemented. In this paper, we propose the flexible here-and-now decision (flex-hand) approach for automatic identification of one single design for multi-objective optimization. The approach minimizes the distance of the Pareto front based on one fixed design to the Pareto front allowing multiple designs. Uncertainty regarding parameters of future operations can be easily included through a robust extension of the flex-hand approach. Results of a real-world case study show that the obtained design is highly flexible to adapt operation to the considered objective functions. Thus, the design provides an energy system with the ability to adapt to a changing focus in decision criteria, e.g., due to changing political aims.

能源系统的综合是一个两阶段优化问题，必须从现在开始实施设计决策（第一阶段），而对于已安装组件的操作，我们可以拭目以待（第二阶段）。为了确定可持续的设计，我们需要考虑导致多目标优化问题的经济和环境标准。但是，多目标优化通常不会导致一个最优设计，而会导致多个帕累托有效设计选项。因此，决策者通常必须手动决定最终应实施哪种设计。在本文中，我们提出了一种灵活的“即刻决策”（flex-hand-now）决策方法，该方法可以自动识别单个设计，以实现多目标优化。该方法可将基于一种固定设计的帕累托锋面与帕累托锋面的距离最小化，从而允许进行多种设计。通过灵活操作方法的强大扩展，可以轻松地包含有关未来操作参数的不确定性。实际案例研究的结果表明，所获得的设计具有高度的灵活性，可以使操作适应所考虑的目标功能。因此，该设计为能源系统提供了适应决策标准不断变化的重点的能力，例如由于政治目的的变化。实际案例研究的结果表明，所获得的设计具有高度的灵活性，可以使操作适应所考虑的目标功能。因此，该设计为能源系统提供了适应决策标准不断变化的重点的能力，例如由于政治目的的变化。实际案例研究的结果表明，所获得的设计具有高度的灵活性，可以使操作适应所考虑的目标功能。因此，该设计为能源系统提供了适应决策标准不断变化的重点的能力，例如由于政治目的的变化。