Abstract

Asterids are one of the most successful angiosperm lineages, exhibiting extensive morphological diversity and including a number of important crops. Despite their biological prominence and value to humans, the deep asterid phylogeny has not been fully resolved, and the evolutionary landscape underlying their radiation remains unknown. To resolve the asterid phylogeny, we sequenced 213 transcriptomes/genomes and combined them with other data sets, representing all accepted orders and nearly all families of asterids. We show fully supported monophyly of asterids, Berberidopsidales as sister to asterids, monophyly of all orders except Icacinales, Aquifoliales, and Bruniales, and monophyly of all families except Icacinaceae and Ehretiaceae. Novel taxon placements benefited from the expanded sampling with living collections from botanical gardens, resolving hitherto uncertain relationships. The remaining ambiguous placements here are likely due to limited sampling and could be addressed in the future with relevant additional taxa. Using our well-resolved phylogeny as reference, divergence time estimates support an Aptian (Early Cretaceous) origin of asterids and the origin of all orders before the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Ancestral state reconstruction at the family level suggests that the asterid ancestor was a woody terrestrial plant with simple leaves, bisexual, and actinomorphic flowers with free petals and free anthers, a superior ovary with a style, and drupaceous fruits. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analyses provide strong evidence for 33 WGDs in asterids and one in Berberidopsidales, including four suprafamilial and seven familial/subfamilial WGDs. Our results advance the understanding of asterid phylogeny and provide numerous novel evolutionary insights into their diversification and morphological evolution.

中文翻译：

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甾体系统发育组学/系统转录组学揭示了形态学进化史，并为许多全基因组重复提供了系统发育定位。

摘要

甾体是最成功的被子植物谱系之一，具有广泛的形态多样性，并包括许多重要作物。尽管它们在生物学上具有突出的价值和对人类的价值，但深层的星状系统发育尚未完全解决，其辐射所依据的进化格局仍然未知。为了解决星体系统发育问题，我们对213个转录组/基因组进行了测序，并将其与其他数据集组合，这些数据集代表了所有可接受的顺序以及几乎所有的星体家族。我们显示出完全受支持的星状体，贝氏小Ber作为星状体的姐妹，除伊卡辛氏菌，阿基叶虫和布鲁氏菌以外的所有阶的单眼虫，以及除伊卡菌科和菊科以外的所有科的单眼虫。从植物园的生活馆藏中取样扩大，从中受益于新颖的分类单元位置，解决迄今不确定的关系。这里剩余的模棱两可的位置可能是由于有限的采样所致，将来可能会通过其他相关的分类单元来解决。使用我们已经很好地解决的系统发育学作为参考，发散时间估计值支持星状星体的Aptian（早白垩世）起源以及白垩纪-古地理边界之前的所有阶序的起源。在家庭一级的祖先状态重建表明，星状祖先是木本陆生植物，具有单叶，双性恋和光化形态的花，具有自由的花瓣和自由的花药，上部的子房具有花序，并且具疣果。全基因组重复（WGD）分析为星状体中的33个WGD和Berberidopsidales中的1个WGD提供了有力的证据，其中包括4个家族性WGD和7个家族性/亚家族性WGD。