Abstract Toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide (GO) has been actively pursued under the context of large-scale industrial production and the potential for clinical translation. Nevertheless, the safety of GO remains largely debated, especially due to the lack of toxicological profile in higher mammals. Here we show that blood exposure to GO under the maximum safe starting dose may cause accidental death of mammals, including non-human primates (1 in 5 Macaca fascicularis and 7 in 121 mice), while remains general amenable in others. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin E and severe lung injury were found in dead animals, suggesting the GO-induced acute anaphylactic reactions. Noticeably, we did not observe anaphylactic reactions and deaths for two other carbon nanomaterials, including single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds. This difference might arise from the long in-vivo circulating time of two-dimensional GO materials. This study thus highlights the urgent need to evaluate the hypersensitivity risks of graphene and other nanomaterials.

中文翻译：

---

血液接触氧化石墨烯可能导致非人类灵长类动物过敏性死亡

摘要 在大规模工业化生产和临床转化潜力的背景下，氧化石墨烯（GO）的毒理学评估得到了积极的研究。尽管如此，GO 的安全性仍然存在很大争议，特别是由于在高等哺乳动物中缺乏毒理学特征。在这里，我们表明，在最大安全起始剂量下血液暴露于 GO 可能导致哺乳动物意外死亡，包括非人类灵长类动物（五分之一的猕猴和 121 只小鼠中的 7 只），而在其他人中仍然普遍存在。在死亡动物中发现免疫球蛋白 E 水平升高和严重肺损伤，表明 GO 诱导的急性过敏反应。值得注意的是，我们没有观察到其他两种碳纳米材料的过敏反应和死亡，包括单壁碳纳米管和纳米金刚石。这种差异可能源于二维 GO 材料的体内循环时间长。因此，这项研究强调了评估石墨烯和其他纳米材料的过敏风险的迫切需要。