ABSTRACT The heterogeneity of COVID-19 experience and response for each individual is irrefutable; nevertheless, similarities can be observed between countries with respect to people’s psychological responses. The main aim of this Commentary is to provide a cultural perspective of the sources of trauma, at the individual and social level, in three different countries: Italy, US and UK. The evidence from previous outbreaks, such as SARS, H1N1 flu, Ebola, and the ongoing Italian, the US, and the UK experience of COVID-19 shows that COVID-19 has introduced not only an individual trauma but also a collective trauma, that researchers should attend to now and in future global emergencies. Future clinical interventions should aim to reconnect dissociated parts both in the individual and in society. This commentary discusses four potential sources of trauma: high-stakes decision fatigue in healthcare professionals, traumatic grief, and bereavement in people who have lost loved ones, loss of roles and identity, and social divisions related to economic shutdown.

中文翻译：

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从个人创伤到社会创伤：Covid-19 大流行期间意大利、美国和英国的日常创伤来源

摘要 COVID-19 经历和每个人反应的异质性是无可辩驳的；尽管如此，在人们的心理反应方面，可以观察到国家之间的相似之处。本评论的主要目的是在三个不同国家（意大利、美国和英国）在个人和社会层面提供创伤来源的文化视角。先前爆发的证据，例如 SARS、H1N1 流感、埃博拉以及意大利、美国和英国持续发生的 COVID-19 经验表明，COVID-19 不仅引入了个人创伤，还引入了集体创伤，即研究人员应该关注现在和未来的全球紧急情况。未来的临床干预应旨在重新连接个人和社会中分离的部分。