The transition period between early childhood and late adolescence is characterized by pronounced changes in social competence, or the capacity for flexible social adaptation. Here, we propose that two processes, self-control and prosociality, are crucial for social adaptation following social evaluation. We present a neurobehavioral model showing commonalities in neural responses to experiences of social acceptance and rejection, and multiple pathways for responding to social context. The Leiden Consortium on Individual Development (L-CID) provides a comprehensive approach towards understanding the longitudinal developmental pathways of, and social enrichment effects on, social competence, taking into account potential differential effects of such enrichment. Using Neurosynth based brain maps we point towards the medial prefrontal cortex as an important region integrating social cognition, self-referential processing and self-control for learning to respond flexibly to changing social contexts. Based on their role in social evaluation processing, we suggest to examine medial prefrontal cortex connections with lateral prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum as potential neural differential susceptibility markers, in addition to previously established markers of differential susceptibility.

幼儿期和青春期后期之间的过渡期的特点是社交能力或灵活的社会适应能力的显着变化。在这里，我们提出两个过程，自我控制和亲社会性，对于社会评估后的社会适应至关重要。我们提出了一个神经行为模型，显示了神经对社会接受和拒绝经历的反应的共性，以及对社会背景做出反应的多种途径。莱顿个人发展联盟（L-CID）提供了一种全面的方法来理解社会能力的纵向发展路径以及社会丰富对社会能力的影响，同时考虑到这种丰富的潜在差异效应。使用基于 Neurosynth 的大脑图谱，我们指出内侧前额叶皮层是一个整合社会认知、自我参照处理和自我控制的重要区域，用于学习灵活地应对不断变化的社会环境。基于它们在社会评价处理中的作用，除了先前建立的差异易感性标记之外，我们建议检查内侧前额叶皮层与外侧前额叶皮层和腹侧纹状体的连接作为潜在的神经差异易感性标记。