For lateral powder injection, adjustments of defocusing distance, powder feeding angle, and molten pool width are set as input variables, and the powder transport vector, powder outflow position vector, and the injection offset vector are determined. The powder transport model involving above adjustment parameters is constructed based on operation of such vectors, which have been verified in experiments. Then, powder transport ratios of three variables with 13 × 13 × 5 levels are calculated to reflect the effect of injection parameters, which increases with the molten pool width, and maintains a high level as the defocusing distance and powder feeding angle are both adjusted positively (clockwise) or negatively (anti-clockwise). In addition, the powder transport ratio corresponding to an arbitrary combination of injection parameters can be calculated and its process window could be extended to determine a better process combination.

中文翻译：

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模拟注入参数对激光熔覆中粉末效率的影响

对于横向粉末注射，将散焦距离，粉末进料角度和熔池宽度的调整设置为输入变量，并确定粉末输送矢量，粉末流出位置矢量和注射偏移矢量。基于这些矢量的操作，构建了涉及上述调节参数的粉末传输模型，该模型已在实验中得到验证。然后，计算三个水平为13×13×5的变量的粉末输送比，以反映注射参数的效果，该参数随熔池宽度的增加而增大，并且随着散焦距离和粉末进料角均得到正向调整，保持较高的水平（顺时针）或负（逆时针）。此外，