Objective: To report the ADHD estimated prevalence in Spain, considering differences in sex, age, presentation, and severity. Method: This study has a two-phase design and forms part of the Neurodevelopmental Disorders Epidemiological Research Project (EPINED). The ADHD screening was conducted through parent (N = 3,727) and teacher (N = 6,894). To perform ADHD diagnosis (DSM-5), screen positive and a subsample of the screen negative children and their parents were assessed using neuropsychological tests and a semi-structured psychiatric interview. Results: The ADHD overall estimate prevalence was 5.5% (7.7% in school-age children; 3.0% in pre-schoolers) and 3.5% for subclinical conditions. The combined presentation and mild severity were the most common, while 18.2% were highly impaired. Previous diagnoses were found in 12% of pre-schoolers and 41% school-aged. Conclusion: The prevalence found in Spain is higher than other European reports. The low ratio of prior-diagnoses indicates a need to provide resources for assessment in school and clinical settings.

目标：报告西班牙的 ADHD 估计患病率，考虑到性别、年龄、表现和严重程度的差异。方法：本研究采用两阶段设计，是神经发育障碍流行病学研究项目 (EPINED) 的一部分。ADHD 筛查是通过父母 ( N  = 3,727) 和老师 ( N  = 6,894) 进行的。为了进行 ADHD 诊断 (DSM-5)，使用神经心理学测试和半结构化精神病学访谈对筛查阳性和筛查阴性儿童及其父母的子样本进行评估。结果：ADHD 总体估计患病率为 5.5%（学龄儿童为 7.7%；学龄前儿童为 3.0%），亚临床情况为 3.5%。综合表现和轻度严重是最常见的，而 18.2% 是高度受损的。在 12% 的学龄前儿童和 41% 的学龄儿童中发现了先前的诊断。结论：西班牙的患病率高于其他欧洲报告。先前诊断的低比率表明需要为学校和临床环境中的评估提供资源。