Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial hyperplasia and cartilage/bone destruction, which results in a high disability rate on human health and a huge burden on social economy. At present, traditional therapies based on drug therapy still cannot cure RA, in accompany with the potential serious side effects. Based on the development of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, energy conversion-based nanotherapy has demonstrated distinctive potential and performance in RA treatment. This strategy employs specific nanoparticles with intrinsic physiochemical properties to target lesions with the following activation by diverse external stimuli, such as light, ultrasound, microwave, and radiation. These nanoagents subsequently produce therapeutic effects or release therapeutic factors to promote necrotic apoptosis of RA inflammatory cells, reduce the concentration of related inflammatory factors, relieve the symptoms of RA, which are expected to ultimately improve the life quality of RA patients. This review highlights and discusses the versatile biomedical applications of energy conversion-based nanotherapy in efficient RA treatment, in together with the deep clarification of the facing challenges and further prospects on the final clinical translations of these energy conversion-based nanotherapies against RA.

中文翻译：

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用于治疗类风湿性关节炎的基于能量转换的纳米疗法

类风湿性关节炎（RA）以滑膜增生和软骨/骨破坏为特征，对人类健康造成很高的致残率，给社会经济造成巨大负担。目前，基于药物治疗的传统疗法仍不能治愈RA，伴随着潜在的严重副作用。基于纳米生物技术和纳米医学的发展，基于能量转换的纳米疗法在 RA 治疗中显示出独特的潜力和性能。该策略采用具有内在物理化学特性的特定纳米粒子，通过不同的外部刺激（如光、超声波、微波和辐射）通过以下激活来靶向病变。这些纳米药物随后产生治疗效果或释放治疗因子，促进 RA 炎症细胞的坏死性凋亡，降低相关炎症因子浓度，缓解RA症状，有望最终改善RA患者的生活质量。本综述重点讨论并讨论了基于能量转换的纳米疗法在高效 RA 治疗中的多功能生物医学应用，同时深入阐明了这些基于能量转换的纳米疗法对抗 RA 的最终临床转化所面临的挑战和进一步前景。