This paper describes the GISS‐E2.1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) chiefly due to parameterization improvements to the atmospheric and ocean model components, while keeping atmospheric resolution the same. Model skill when compared to modern era climatologies is significantly higher than in previous versions. Additionally, updates in forcings have a material impact on the results. In particular, there have been specific improvements in representations of modes of variability (such as the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and other modes in the Pacific) and significant improvements in the simulation of the climate of the Southern Oceans, including sea ice. The effective climate sensitivity to 2 × CO₂ is slightly higher than previously at 2.7–3.1°C (depending on version) and is a result of lower CO₂ radiative forcing and stronger positive feedbacks.

中文翻译：

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GISS-E2.1：配置和气候学

本文介绍了 GISS-E2.1 对耦合模型比较项目第 6 阶段 (CMIP6) 的贡献。该模型版本与前身模型（GISS-E2）的不同之处主要在于大气和海洋模型组件的参数化改进，同时保持大气分辨率相同。与现代气候学相比，模型技能明显高于以前的版本。此外，强迫的更新也会对结果产生重大影响。特别是，变异模式（例如马登-朱利安振荡和太平洋的其他模式）的表示有了具体的改进，南大洋气候（包括海冰）的模拟也有了显着的改进。对 2 × CO ₂的有效气候敏感性 略高于之前的 2.7–3.1°C（取决于版本），这是 CO ₂辐射强迫较低和正反馈较强的结果。