1. Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic have for millennia relied on freshwaters for drinking water and freshwater species that comprise important subsistence harvests, which promotes a strong connection to the land and unique understanding of organisms and ecosystem processes and changes. Despite the importance of freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem services to Arctic Indigenous communities, there have been limited attempts to summarise available Indigenous Knowledge (IK) regarding Arctic freshwater systems and to understand how conservation can benefit from this knowledge base.
2. This paper presents a systematic review of literature documenting circumpolar Arctic IK with a focus on freshwater biodiversity in Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland), Russia, and the U.S.A. (Alaska). Standardised search terms and methodologies were used to locate relevant documents using Google Scholar and Google Advanced search engines. Thematic coding was used to identify freshwater biodiversity themes within the identified documents.
3. Documented IK of freshwater biodiversity was found from all five geographic regions and included data on both species presence and habitat changes with potential to affect biodiversity. Canada had the highest number of relevant documents (n = 127), followed by the U.S.A. (Alaska; n = 116), Fennoscandia (n = 38), Russia (n = 27), and Greenland (n = 5). The number of relevant documents with IK published per year was highest in most recent years, from 2010 onwards, in all geographic regions.
4. Fish represented the highest number of faunal observations with 59 species observed, approximately half of which were Salmonidae (29 species). Local-scale assessment of fish diversity found observations of the highest number of species (11–25) in Alaska, and individual observations of 6–10 species were found throughout Alaska, mainland areas of Canada, and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Documented IK also contributed new information on historical fish diversity and indicated local-scale loss or gain of species. Such information is of vital importance to provide long-term records of fish composition and abundance, especially when this information does not exist in other knowledge bases such as western science datasets.
5. Indigenous Knowledge included observations of changes in freshwater and terrestrial habitat associated with a warming climate, such as: decreasing water levels and more draining/drying of lakes and rivers, a shorter period of ice cover (late freeze and early break-up), decreasing ice thickness, and increasing occurrence of permafrost thaw and eroding banks. Such observations by those who actively rely on Arctic freshwater ecosystem services are important because they signify that change is occurring and that action is needed to mitigate the impacts on freshwater habitats and the biodiversity therein.
6. This study demonstrates that previously documented IK provides valuable information towards determining freshwater biodiversity baselines and patterns of change in the circumpolar Arctic. However, these results do not sufficiently cover the depth and breadth of IK on freshwater biodiversity and ecology held by Indigenous communities. Further work incorporating Indigenous worldviews around freshwater ecology would provide context to the knowledge collected and a deeper understanding of Arctic circumpolar freshwater environments.

中文翻译：

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系统回顾记录在案的北极圈内淡水生物多样性土著知识

1. 几千年来，北极的土著人民一直依赖淡水作为饮用水和淡水物种，这些淡水物种构成了重要的自给性收获，这促进了与土地的紧密联系以及对生物和生态系统过程和变化的独特理解。尽管淡水生物多样性和生态系统服务对北极土著社区很重要，但总结有关北极淡水系统的可用土著知识 (IK) 并了解保护如何从该知识库中受益的尝试有限。
2. 本文系统回顾了记录环极北极 IK 的文献，重点关注加拿大、格陵兰、芬诺斯坎迪亚（挪威、瑞典和芬兰）、俄罗斯和美国（阿拉斯加）的淡水生物多样性。使用 Google Scholar 和 Google Advanced 搜索引擎使用标准化的搜索词和方法来查找相关文档。主题编码用于确定已确定文件中的淡水生物多样性主题。
3. 从所有五个地理区域都发现了记录在案的淡水生物多样性 IK，其中包括物种存在和可能影响生物多样性的栖息地变化的数据。加拿大的相关文件数量最多（n  = 127），其次是美国（阿拉斯加；n  = 116）、Fennoscandia（n  = 38）、俄罗斯（n  = 27）和格陵兰（n  = 5）。从 2010 年起，在所有地理区域中，每年发布的 IK 相关文件的数量是近年来最高的。
4. 鱼类代表了最多的动物群观测，共观测到 59 种，其中大约一半是鲑科（29 种）。对鱼类多样性的地方尺度评估发现，在阿拉斯加观察到的物种数量最多（11-25 个），在整个阿拉斯加、加拿大大陆地区和俄罗斯科拉半岛发现了 6-10 个物种的个体观察结果。记录在案的 IK 还提供了有关历史鱼类多样性的新信息，并表明了当地规模的物种损失或增加。此类信息对于提供鱼类组成和丰度的长期记录至关重要，尤其是当其他知识库（例如西方科学数据集）中不存在此类信息时。
5. 土著知识包括对与气候变暖相关的淡水和陆地栖息地变化的观察，例如：水位下降和湖泊和河流的更多排水/干涸、冰盖的更短时期（晚期冻结和早期破裂）、减少冰厚度，以及永久冻土融化和侵蚀河岸的发生率增加。那些积极依赖北极淡水生态系统服务的人的这种观察很重要，因为它们表明变化正在发生，需要采取行动减轻对淡水栖息地及其生物多样性的影响。
6. 这项研究表明，先前记录的 IK 为确定北极圈内的淡水生物多样性基线和变化模式提供了有价值的信息。然而，这些结果不足以涵盖 IK 对土著社区所拥有的淡水生物多样性和生态学的深度和广度。进一步结合淡水生态的土著世界观的工作将为所收集的知识和对北极极地淡水环境的更深入了解提供背景。