The current study evaluates the adverse effects of Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide (CNPE) on the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The developmental toxicity was determined using different parameters such as mortality (including LC50), hatching, heart rates, malformations, and alteration of the gene expressions. Zebrafish embryos (4 hpf‐hours postfertilization) were exposed to 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg/l CNPE doses until 96 hpf. The 96 hours LC50 was recorded at 6.258 mg/l. Seventy‐two hpf total malformation index values for 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/l CNPE doses were 4.3, 7.2 and 7.9, respectively. 1.0 mg/l CNPE is not toxic for the zebrafish embryos/larvae. 2.0 to 8.0 CNPE doses caused some abnormalities in embryos/larvae morphology, including lack of body parts, tail deformities, chorda deformity, bubbled head, scoliosis, lordosis, weak or non‐pigmentation, decreased heart rate and larva length. 16.0 mg/l CNPE caused mortality in 72 hpf. The expression levels of seven immune system‐related genes (il‐1β, il‐8, cebp, tlr4, hsp70, NF‐kB, and mtf‐1) were examined. The transcription level of il‐1β, il‐8, tlr4, hsp70, and NF‐kB genes significantly increased in the CNPE exposure groups. While the expression of the mtf‐1 gene considerably decreased, the cebp gene expression level did not change in the 4.0 and 8.0 mg/l CNPE doses. In conclusion, CNPE could induce developmental toxicity with malformations in embryos/larvae and alter the gene expression.

中文翻译：

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Cu(OH)2纳米农药对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的影响

目前的研究评估了 Cu(OH)2 纳米农药 (CNPE) 对斑马鱼 (Danio rerio) 早期生命阶段的不利影响。发育毒性使用不同的参数来确定，例如死亡率（包括 LC50）、孵化、心率、畸形和基因表达的改变。斑马鱼胚胎（受精后 4 hpf 小时）暴露于 1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 和 16.0 mg/l 的 CNPE 剂量，直到 96 hpf。96 小时 LC50 记录为 6.258 mg/l。2.0、4.0 和 8.0 mg/l CNPE 剂量的 72 hpf 总畸形指数值分别为 4.3、7.2 和 7.9。1.0 mg/l CNPE 对斑马鱼胚胎/幼虫无毒。2.0 至 8.0 CNPE 剂量导致胚胎/幼虫形态的一些异常，包括缺乏身体部位、尾部畸形、脊索畸形、冒泡的头部、脊柱侧凸、前凸、弱或无色素沉着，心率和幼虫长度降低。16.0 mg/l CNPE 导致 72 hpf 死亡。检测了 7 个免疫系统相关基因（il-1β、il-8、cebp、tlr4、hsp70、NF-kB 和 mtf-1）的表达水平。CNPE 暴露组中 il-1β、il-8、tlr4、hsp70 和 NF-kB 基因的转录水平显着增加。虽然 mtf-1 基因的表达显着降低，但 cebp 基因表达水平在 4.0 和 8.0 mg/l CNPE 剂量下没有变化。总之，CNPE 可以通过胚胎/幼虫的畸形诱导发育毒性并改变基因表达。CNPE 暴露组中 il-1β、il-8、tlr4、hsp70 和 NF-kB 基因的转录水平显着增加。虽然 mtf-1 基因的表达显着降低，但 cebp 基因表达水平在 4.0 和 8.0 mg/l CNPE 剂量下没有变化。总之，CNPE 可以通过胚胎/幼虫的畸形诱导发育毒性并改变基因表达。CNPE 暴露组中 il-1β、il-8、tlr4、hsp70 和 NF-kB 基因的转录水平显着增加。虽然 mtf-1 基因的表达显着降低，但 cebp 基因表达水平在 4.0 和 8.0 mg/l CNPE 剂量下没有变化。总之，CNPE 可以通过胚胎/幼虫的畸形诱导发育毒性并改变基因表达。