Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have exhibited wide applications in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, energy storage, environmental science, biomedicine, and others due to their unique structure, function, and properties. In this review, we present recent advance in the production and applications of various CNF-based nanomaterials. The methods for the production of CNFs are introduced firstly, and then different structures of CNFs related to corresponding synthesis methods are analyzed. In addition, the functional tailoring of CNFs by combining with other nanoscale building blocks such as nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon materials, biomolecules, and others are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the potential application of the CNF-based functional nanomaterials in the fields of supercapacitors, chemical batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, environmental adsorbents, sensors, biosensors, tissue engineering, antibacterial materials, electromagnetic interference shielding, and sharp memory materials are introduced and discussed in detail. It is expected this comprehensive review will not only help the readers to obtain the preliminary information on the production, modification, and applications of CNFs, but also promote the design and synthesis of novel CNF-based nanostructures and nanomaterials for advanced applications.

碳纳米纤维（CNF）由于其独特的结构，功能和特性，在材料科学，纳米技术，能量存储，环境科学，生物医学等领域已显示出广泛的应用。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了各种基于CNF的纳米材料在生产和应用方面的最新进展。首先介绍了CNF的制备方法，然后分析了与相应合成方法有关的CNF的不同结构。另外，展示并讨论了通过与其他纳米级构件（例如纳米粒子，量子点，碳材料，生物分子等）相结合的CNF功能调整。最后，基于CNF的功能纳米材料在超级电容器，化学电池，太阳能电池，介绍并详细讨论了燃料电池，环境吸附剂，传感器，生物传感器，组织工程，抗菌材料，电磁干扰屏蔽和锋利的存储材料。预期这次全面的综述不仅将帮助读者获得有关CNF的生产，修饰和应用的初步信息，而且还将促进新颖的基于CNF的纳米结构和纳米材料的设计和合成，以供高级应用。