Abstract Long-term adoption of intensive agricultural system negatively affects soil fertility, soil microbiome and may compromise the quality and amount of crop production. To avoid these problems, application of organic materials has been proposed as a potential alternative strategy for soil management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compared the effects of conventional and organic soil management on crop yield of rocket (Eruca sativa), soil fertility, and microbiome structure through a 2-year long mesocosms experiment. Eight organic treatments, different in terms of organic amendment chemistry (i.e., alfalfa hay, biochar, glucose, manure) and application frequency, were compared with conventional management practices based on mineral fertilizer and chemical fumigation. Crop quality was assessed by measuring the NO3− content in leaves, whereas soil chemical and microbiological (i.e., FDA activity and functioning by BIOLOG EcoPlates™) properties were evaluated to understand their effects on soil fertility. Changes in soil microbiota were assessed by high-throughput sequencing of bacterial and fungal rRNA gene markers. Application of organic amendments significantly improved crop yield, especially when alfalfa and glucose were applied as a single dose. NO3− concentration in leaves was decreased with biochar and manure application, and this did not depend on the application frequency. Application of synthetic fertilizer and fumigation induced soil acidification, increased soil salinity, and reduced soil microbiota diversity, activity and functionality, with negative effects on crop yield. In conclusion, this study indicates that long-term application of organic amendments effectively improved soil fertility and promoted the development of a beneficial soil microbiota capable of supporting high plant yield under intensive agricultural system.

中文翻译：

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重复施用有机改良剂可促进有益微生物群落，提高土壤肥力并提高作物产量

摘要 长期采用集约化农业系统会对土壤肥力、土壤微生物组产生负面影响，并可能影响作物生产的质量和数量。为了避免这些问题，有机材料的应用已被提议作为土壤管理的潜在替代策略。因此，本研究的目的是通过为期 2 年的中观实验，比较常规和有机土壤管理对火箭（Eruca sativa）作物产量、土壤肥力和微生物组结构的影响。将在有机改良剂化学（即苜蓿干草、生物炭、葡萄糖、粪肥）和施用频率方面不同的八种有机处理与基于矿物肥料和化学熏蒸的常规管理做法进行比较。通过测量叶子中的 NO3− 含量来评估作物质量，同时评估土壤化学和微生物（即 FDA 活性和 BIOLOG EcoPlates™ 的功能）特性以了解它们对土壤肥力的影响。通过细菌和真菌 rRNA 基因标记的高通量测序评估土壤微生物群的变化。有机改良剂的施用显着提高了作物产量，特别是当苜蓿​​和葡萄糖作为单剂量施用时。施用生物炭和粪肥后，叶片中的 NO3− 浓度降低，这与施用频率无关。使用合成肥料和熏蒸会导致土壤酸化，增加土壤盐分，降低土壤微生物群的多样性、活性和功能，对作物产量产生负面影响。综上所述，