Although a significant amount of technical, commercial, and academic resources have been invested in laser and electron beam-based additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and alloys over several decades, challenges and limitations associated with repeated local melting and processing complexity along with the cost of equipment and operation have sparked interest in research on solid-state AM methods as an alternative. This paper reviews the capabilities and challenges of major solid-state metal AM techniques by dividing it into two broad categories (plastic deformation based and sinter based) depending on the metallurgical bonding mechanisms, range of processible alloys, and resulting microstructures. The limited and recent data available in literature show that, while deformation-based AM techniques are primarily limited to relatively ductile alloys, a larger variety of materials are suitable for manufacturing through sinter-based AM. Deformation-based methods generally refine the microstructure by recrystallization, while in most cases sinter-based AM methods lead to grain growth due to high-temperature processing and a more isotropic microstructure. Among the solid-state AM methods summarized here, the binder jetting and additive friction stir AM methods stand out with isotropic microstructures and mechanical properties close to the wrought properties.

中文翻译：

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固态金属增材制造：回顾

尽管几十年来在金属和合金的激光和基于电子束的增材制造 (AM) 方面投入了大量技术、商业和学术资源，但与重复局部熔化和加工复杂性以及成本相关的挑战和限制设备和操作的变化引发了对固态 AM 方法作为替代方法的研究的兴趣。本文根据冶金结合机制、可加工合金的范围和产生的微观结构将主要固态金属增材制造技术分为两大类（基于塑性变形和基于烧结），回顾了主要固态金属增材制造技术的能力和挑战。文献中可用的有限和最新数据表明，虽然基于变形的 AM 技术主要限于相对延展性的合金，但更多种类的材料适用于通过基于烧结的 AM 制造。基于变形的方法通常通过再结晶来细化微观结构，而在大多数情况下，基于烧结的 AM 方法会由于高温加工和更加各向同性的微观结构而导致晶粒生长。在此处总结的固态增材制造方法中，粘合剂喷射和添加剂搅拌摩擦增材制造方法具有各向同性的微观结构和接近锻造性能的机械性能。而在大多数情况下，基于烧结的 AM 方法会由于高温加工和更加各向同性的微观结构而导致晶粒生长。在此处总结的固态增材制造方法中，粘合剂喷射和添加剂搅拌摩擦增材制造方法具有各向同性的微观结构和接近锻造性能的机械性能。而在大多数情况下，基于烧结的 AM 方法会由于高温加工和更加各向同性的微观结构而导致晶粒生长。在此处总结的固态增材制造方法中，粘合剂喷射和添加剂搅拌摩擦增材制造方法具有各向同性的微观结构和接近锻造性能的机械性能。