Enteric infections caused by Salmonella spp. remain a major public health burden worldwide. Chickens are known to be a major reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. The presence of Salmonella in poultry farms and abattoirs is associated with financial costs of treatment and a serious risk to human health. The use of bacteriophages as a biocontrol is one possible intervention by which Salmonella colonization of chickens could be reduced. In a prior study, phages Eϕ151 and Tϕ7 significantly reduced broiler chicken caecal colonization by S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium respectively. Salmonella-free Ross broiler chickens were orally infected with S. Enteritidis P125109 or S. Typhimurium 4/74. After 7 days of infection, the animals were euthanased, and 25cm2 sections of skin were collected. The skin samples were sprayed with a phage suspension of either Eϕ151 (S. Enteritidis), Tϕ7 phage suspension (S. Typhimurium) or SM buffer (Control). After incubation, the number of surviving Salmonellas was determined by direct plating and Most Probable Number (MPN). To determine the rate of reduction of Salmonella numbers on the skin surface, a bioluminescent S. Typhimurium DT104 strain was cultured, spread on sections of chicken breast skin, and after spraying with a Tϕ11 phage suspension, skin samples were monitored using photon counting for up to 24 h. The median levels of Salmonella reduction following phage treatment were 1.38 log10 MPN (Enteritidis) and 1.83 log10 MPN (Typhimurium) per skin section. Treatment reductions were significant when compared with Salmonella recovery from control skin sections treated with buffer (p < 0.0001). Additionally, significant reduction in light intensity was observed within 1 min of phage Tϕ11 spraying onto the skin contaminated with a bioluminescent Salmonella recombinant strain, compared with buffer-treated controls (p < 0.01), implying that some lysis of Salmonella was occurring on the skin surface. The results of this study suggest that phages may be used on the surface of chicken skin as biocontrol agents against Salmonella infected broiler chicken carcasses. The rate of bioluminescence reduction shown by the recombinant Salmonella strain used supported the hypothesis that at least some of the reduction observed was due to lysis occurred on the skin surface.

中文翻译：

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使用噬菌体减少鸡皮表面沙门氏菌污染。

沙门氏菌引起的肠感染。仍然是世界范围内的主要公共卫生负担。众所周知，鸡是这种人畜共患病原体的主要储存库。家禽场和屠宰场中沙门氏菌的存在与治疗的财务成本以及对人类健康的严重风险有关。使用噬菌体作为生物防治是一种可以减少鸡沙门氏菌定殖的可能干预措施。在先前的研究中，噬菌体Eϕ151和Tϕ7分别显着降低了肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌对肉鸡鸡盲肠的定殖。将无沙门氏菌的罗斯肉鸡经肠炎沙门氏菌P125109或鼠伤寒沙门氏菌4/74感染。感染7天后，对动物实施安乐死，并收集25平方厘米的皮肤切片。用Eϕ151（肠炎沙门氏菌），Tϕ7噬菌体悬浮液（鼠伤寒沙门氏菌）或SM缓冲液（对照）的噬菌体悬浮液喷洒皮肤样品。孵育后，沙门氏菌的存活数通过直接接种和最可能数（MPN）确定。为了确定沙门氏菌数量在皮肤表面的减少率，培养了一种生物发光的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌DT104菌株，将其散布在鸡胸肉的切片上，并在喷洒了Tϕ11噬菌体悬浮液后，使用光子计数监测皮肤样本的数量。至24小时 噬菌体治疗后沙门氏菌减少的中位数水平是每个皮肤切片1.38 log10 MPN（肠炎）和1.83 log10 MPN（鼠伤寒）。与用缓冲液处理过的对照皮肤切片中的沙门氏菌恢复相比，治疗的减少量显着（p <0.0001）。此外，与缓冲液处理的对照组相比，在噬菌体Tϕ11喷涂到被生物发光沙门氏菌重组菌株污染的皮肤上的1分钟内，观察到光强度显着降低（p <0.01），这意味着沙门氏菌在皮肤上发生了部分裂解表面。这项研究的结果表明，噬菌体可以在鸡皮表面用作抗沙门氏菌感染的肉鸡鸡尸体的生物防治剂。所使用的重组沙门氏菌菌株显示的生物发光减少率支持以下假设：观察到的至少部分减少是由于皮肤表面发生裂解。与用缓冲液处理的对照相比，在将噬菌体Tϕ11喷涂到受生物发光沙门氏菌重组菌株污染的皮肤上的1分钟内，观察到光强度显着降低（p <0.01），这意味着沙门氏菌在皮肤表面发生了某些裂解。这项研究的结果表明，噬菌体可以在鸡皮表面用作抗沙门氏菌感染的肉鸡鸡尸体的生物防治剂。所使用的重组沙门氏菌菌株显示的生物发光减少率支持以下假设：观察到的至少部分减少是由于皮肤表面发生了裂解。与用缓冲液处理的对照相比，在将噬菌体Tϕ11喷涂到受生物发光沙门氏菌重组菌株污染的皮肤上的1分钟内，观察到光强度显着降低（p <0.01），这意味着沙门氏菌在皮肤表面发生了某些裂解。这项研究的结果表明，噬菌体可以在鸡皮表面用作抗沙门氏菌感染的肉鸡鸡尸体的生物防治剂。所使用的重组沙门氏菌菌株显示的生物发光减少率支持以下假设：观察到的至少部分减少是由于皮肤表面发生裂解。这项研究的结果表明，噬菌体可以在鸡皮表面用作抗沙门氏菌感染的肉鸡鸡尸体的生物防治剂。所使用的重组沙门氏菌菌株显示的生物发光减少率支持以下假设：观察到的至少部分减少是由于皮肤表面发生裂解。这项研究的结果表明，噬菌体可以在鸡皮表面用作抗沙门氏菌感染的肉鸡鸡尸体的生物防治剂。所使用的重组沙门氏菌菌株显示的生物发光减少率支持以下假设：观察到的至少部分减少是由于皮肤表面发生裂解。