Abstract Tillage and slope will influence soil surface roughness that changes during rainfall events. This study tests this effect under controlled conditions quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices. When four commonly adopted tillage practices, namely, artificial backhoe (AB), artificial digging (AD), contour tillage (CT), and linear slope (CK), were prepared on soil surfaces at 2 × 1 × 0.5 m soil pans at 5°, 10°, or 20° slope gradients, artificial rainfall with an intensity of 60 or 90 mm h−1 was applied to it. Measurements of the difference in elevation points of the surface profiles were taken before rainfall and after rainfall events for sheet erosion. Tillage practices had a relationship with fractal indices that the surface treated with CT exhibited the biggest fractal dimension D value, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. Surfaces under a stronger rainfall tended to have a greater D value. Tillage treatments affected anisotropy differently and the surface CT had the strongest effect on anisotropy, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. A steeper surface would have less effect on anisotropy. Since the surface CT had the strongest effect on spatial variability or the weakest spatial autocorrelation, it had the smallest effect on runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, tillage CT could make a better tillage practice of conserving water and soil. Simultaneously, changes in semivariogram and fractal parameters for surface roughness were examined and evaluated. Fractal parameter – crossover length l – is more sensitive than fractal dimension D to rainfall action to describe vertical differences in soil surface roughness evolution.

中文翻译：

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耕作、坡度和降雨对土壤表面微地形的影响，通过地质统计和分形指数在片状侵蚀过程中量化

摘要 耕作和坡度会影响土壤表面粗糙度，在降雨事件期间会发生变化。本研究在通过地质统计和分形指数量化的受控条件下测试了这种影响。当在 2 × 1 × 0.5 m 的土壤表面在 5 ℃ 的土壤表面准备四种常用的耕作方法时，即人工反铲（AB）、人工挖掘（AD）、等高耕作（CT）和线性坡度（CK）。 °、10° 或 20° 坡度，强度为 60 或 90 mm h-1 的人工降雨应用于其上。在降雨之前和降雨事件之后对地表剖面的高程点差异进行测量以进行薄片侵蚀。耕作与分形指数有关，CT处理的表面分形维数D值最大，其次是AD、AB和CK。强降雨下的表面往往具有更大的 D 值。耕作处理对各向异性的影响不同，表面 CT 对各向异性的影响最强，其次是表面 AD、AB 和 CK。更陡峭的表面对各向异性的影响较小。由于地表 CT 对空间变异性的影响最强或空间自相关最弱，因此它对径流和产沙量的影响最小。因此，耕作CT可以更好地保持水土保持耕作实践。同时，对表面粗糙度的半变异函数和分形参数的变化进行了检查和评估。分形参数——交叉长度 l——比分形维数 D 对降雨作用更敏感，以描述土壤表面粗糙度演变的垂直差异。