Abstract The land use and land cover (LULC) changes and the implications of soil and irrigation water salinity have adverse effects on crop production and the ecosystems of arid and semiarid regions. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyze and monitor the LULC changes using multitemporal Landsat data for years 1986, 1998, 2007, and 2016 in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. In addition, efforts were made to measure the spatial distribution of soil and irrigation water salinity along the oasis. The supervised maximum likelihood classification method was applied to classify the individual images independently. Moreover, soil samples were collected at surface soil depth from the selected LULC types, namely, date palm, croplands, and bare land. Also, groundwater samples were collected from bore wells located in agricultural farms. The spatial distribution of the soil salinity (Ece) and irrigation water salinity (ECiw) was classified based on the Food and Agriculture Organization guidelines. The results showed that significant changes in LULC patterns have occurred during 1986–2016 in the study area. The ECe was found higher in date palm compared with cropland and bare land. However, the spatial distribution of the ECiw over the oasis indicated that 94% of irrigation water ranged between moderate and severe salinity risk. The study concludes that salinity management practices need to be developed in the study area aiming to sustain crop yields, improve soil properties, and minimize the environmental impacts of LULC changes on the ecosystem of Al-Ahsa Oasis.

中文翻译：

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与干旱环境中绿洲土壤和灌溉水盐度相关的土地利用/土地覆盖评估

摘要 土地利用和土地覆盖（LULC）的变化以及土壤和灌溉水盐度的影响对干旱和半干旱地区的作物生产和生态系统产生不利影响。在这项研究中，尝试使用 1986、1998、2007 和 2016 年在沙特阿拉伯 Al-Ahsa Oasis 的多时陆地卫星数据分析和监测 LULC 变化。此外，还努力测量沿绿洲土壤和灌溉水盐度的空间分布。应用监督最大似然分类方法对单个图像进行独立分类。此外，从选定的 LULC 类型（即枣椰树、农田和裸地）在表层土壤深度收集土壤样品。此外，地下水样品是从位于农业农场的钻孔中收集的。土壤盐度（Ece）和灌溉水盐度（ECiw）的空间分布根据粮食及农业组织指南进行分类。结果表明，1986-2016年研究区LULC格局发生了显着变化。与农田和裸地相比，椰枣中的 ECe 更高。然而，绿洲上 ECiw 的空间分布表明，94% 的灌溉水介于中度和重度盐度风险之间。该研究得出的结论是，需要在研究区制定盐度管理实践，旨在维持作物产量、改善土壤特性，并最大限度地减少 LULC 变化对 Al-Ahsa 绿洲生态系统的环境影响。