Abstract In the wild, thinking demonstrably uses interactive processes that draw on a wide range of external resources, spanning multiple time scales. As Malafouris (2015, p. 361) puts it, “cognition is not a within property; it is an in-between process”. Interactive processes configure extended systems within which each human agent is embedded. Yet much research on higher cognition, such as problem solving, reflects an implicit but deep commitment to methodological individualism that casts the agent as the ontological locus of cognition, and largely dictates the nature of the research enterprise. Thus, tasks to measure capacities and gauge reasoning performance are designed in a manner that reduces or eliminates the possibility of interacting with the problem presentation; if thinking takes place in the head, there is no need or reason to engineer procedures wherein agents can interact with the task's physical constituents. Conversely, a methodological interactivism forces one to acknowledge the participative yet not all-encompassing role of capacities such as working memory and thinking dispositions; it also encourages the granular mapping of the cognitive ecosystem from which new ideas emerge. To adopt an interactivist perspective is thus to focus on the cognitive resources of the extended system inviting a careful description of how these resources are dynamically configured over time and space to promote the development of new ideas in problem solving. In turn, a systemic perspective encourages the development of interventions that promote cognitive performance through the optimisation of systemic rather than individualist cognitive resources.

中文翻译：

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在问题解决中映射系统资源

摘要 在野外，思维明显使用互动过程，这些过程利用广泛的外部资源，跨越多个时间尺度。正如 Malafouris (2015, p. 361) 所说，“认知不是内在财产；这是一个中间过程”。交互过程配置扩展系统，其中嵌入了每个人工代理。然而，许多关于高级认知的研究，例如问题解决，反映了对方法论个人主义的一种隐含但深刻的承诺，将代理视为认知的本体论点，并在很大程度上决定了研究事业的性质。因此，测量能力和衡量推理性能的任务以减少或消除与问题呈现交互的可能性的方式设计；如果思维发生在头脑中，没有必要或理由设计程序，其中代理可以与任务的物理成分进行交互。相反，方法论的互动主义迫使人们承认工作记忆和思维倾向等能力的参与性但并非包罗万象；它还鼓励对产生新想法的认知生态系统进行细粒度映射。因此，采用交互主义的观点就是关注扩展系统的认知资源，仔细描述这些资源如何随时间和空间动态配置，以促进解决问题的新思想的发展。反过来，系统视角鼓励开发干预措施，通过优化系统而不是个人主义的认知资源来提高认知表现。