Left ventricular stroke work is an important prognostic marker to analyze cardiac function. Standard values for children are, however, missing. For clinicians, standards can help to improve the treatment decision of heart failures. For engineers, they can help to optimize medical devices.

In this study, we estimated the left ventricular stroke work for children based on modeled pressure–volume loops. A lumped parameter model was fitted to clinical data of 340 healthy children. Reference curves for standard values were created over age, weight, and height. Left ventricular volume was measured with 3D echocardiography, while maximal ventricular pressure was approximated with a regression model from the literature.

For validation of this method, we used 18 measurements acquired by a conductance catheter in 11 patients. The method demonstrated a low absolute mean difference of 0.033 J (SD: 0.031 J) for stroke work between measurement and estimation, while the percentage error was 21.66 %.

According to the resulting reference curves, left ventricular stroke work of newborns has a median of 0.06 J and increases to 1.15 J at the age of 18 years. Stroke work increases over weight and height in a similar trend. The percentile curves depict the distribution.

We demonstrate how reference curves can be used for quantification of differences and comparison in patients.

左室卒中是分析心功能的重要预后指标。但是，缺少儿童的标准值。对于临床医生而言，标准可以帮助改善心力衰竭的治疗决策。对于工程师来说，他们可以帮助优化医疗设备。

在这项研究中，我们基于建模的压力-容量环估计了儿童的左心室卒中工作。将集总参数模型拟合到340名健康儿童的临床数据。在年龄，体重和身高上创建标准值的参考曲线。左心室容积通过3D超声心动图测量，而最大心室压力通过文献中的回归模型估算。

为了验证该方法，我们使用了11例患者的电导导管进行的18次测量。该方法在测量和估计之间的笔划工作中显示出了0.033 J（SD：0.031 J）的绝对低均值差，而百分比误差为21.66％。

根据所得的参考曲线，新生儿的左心室卒中工作的中位数为0.06 J，在18岁时增加到1.15J。中风功随着体重和身高的增加而以类似的趋势增加。百分位曲线描述了分布。

我们演示了如何将参考曲线用于量化患者差异和比较。