Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates the evidence for EEG markers in EUPD. Methods. PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a narrative review. A structured search method was developed and implemented in collaboration with an information specialist. Studies were identified via 3 electronic database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. A predesigned inclusion/exclusion criterion was applied to selected papers. A thematic analysis approach with 5 criteria was used. Results. From an initial long list of 5250 papers, 229 studies were identified and screened, of which 44 met at least 3 of the predesigned inclusion criteria. No research to date investigates EEG-based neurofeedback in EUPD. A number of different EEG biomarkers are identified but there is poor consistency between studies. Conclusions. The findings heterogeneity may be due to the disorder complexity and the variable EEG related parameters studied. An alternative explanation may be that there are a number of different neuromarkers, which could be clustered together with clinical symptomatology, to give new subdomains. Quantitative EEGs in particular may be helpful to identify more specific abnormalities. EEG standardization of neurofeedback protocols based on specific EEG abnormalities detected may facilitate targeted use of neurofeedback as an intervention in EUPD.

中文翻译：

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情绪不稳定型人格障碍中的脑电图标记——神经反馈的可能结果测量：叙事评论

目标。越来越多的证据表明生物反馈 (BF) 在情感障碍、社交障碍和有虐待史的儿童中的应用。脑电图 (EEG) 标记可用作情绪不稳定人格障碍 (EUPD) 管理中的神经反馈，特别是对于情绪激动时有自杀风险的人。这篇叙述性评论调查了 EUPD 中 EEG 标志物的证据。方法。PRISMA 指南用于进行叙述性审查。与信息专家合作开发并实施了一种结构化搜索方法。通过对 MEDLINE、Embase 和 PsycINFO 的 3 次电子数据库搜索确定研究。预先设计的纳入/排除标准适用于选定的论文。使用了具有 5 个标准的主题分析方法。结果。从最初的 5250 篇论文的长名单中，确定并筛选了 229 项研究，其中 44 项至少符合预先设计的纳入标准中的 3 项。迄今为止，还没有研究调查 EUPD 中基于 EEG 的神经反馈。确定了许多不同的 EEG 生物标志物，但研究之间的一致性较差。结论。研究结果的异质性可能是由于疾病的复杂性和研究的可变 EEG 相关参数。另一种解释可能是有许多不同的神经标志物，它们可以与临床症状聚集在一起，以提供新的子域。特别是定量脑电图可能有助于识别更具体的异常。