The immune system plays a critical role in directing tissue repair and regeneration outcomes. Tissue engineering technologies that are designed to promote new tissue growth will therefore be impacted by immune factors that are present in patients both locally at the site of intervention and systemically. The immune state of patients can be influenced by many factors, including infection, nutrition, and other disease comorbidities. As a result, the immune state is highly variable and may be a source of variability in tissue-engineered products in the clinic, which is not found in preclinical models. In this review, we will summarize key immune cells and evidence of their activity in tissue repair and potential in tissue engineering systems. We also discuss how clinical translation of tissue engineering strategies, in particular stem cells, helped elucidate the importance of the immune system. With increased understanding of the immune system's role in repair and tissue engineering systems, it will likely become a therapeutic target and component of future therapies.

中文翻译：

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免疫系统及其对再生医学变异性的贡献

免疫系统在指导组织修复和再生结果方面发挥着关键作用。因此，旨在促进新组织生长的组织工程技术将受到患者体内局部和全身免疫因素的影响。患者的免疫状态受多种因素影响，包括感染、营养和其他疾病合并症。因此，免疫状态是高度可变的，并且可能是临床中组织工程产品的可变性来源，这在临床前模型中没有发现。在这篇综述中，我们将总结关键的免疫细胞及其在组织修复中的活性和在组织工程系统中的潜力的证据。我们还讨论了组织工程策略的临床转化，特别是干细胞，有助于阐明免疫系统的重要性。随着对免疫系统在修复和组织工程系统中的作用的深入了解，它很可能成为未来治疗的治疗靶点和组成部分。