Abstract

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 50–100 nm secreted by various cells. They are generated through complex intracellular production mechanisms before being secreted to the extracellular environment. Due to their inclusion of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication. Pancreatic β-cells play an irreplaceable role in the body’s glucose metabolism. Their dysfunction is one of the causes of diabetes. Exosomes of various cells regulate the function of β-cells by regulating autoimmunity, delivering non-coding RNAs, or directly regulating intracellular signal pathways. This communication between β-cells and other cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of diabetes, and has potential for clinical application. This paper reviews the biological sources and functions of exosomes, as well as intercellular crosstalk between β-cells and other cells that is involved in β-cell failure and regeneration.

摘要

外泌体是由各种细胞分泌的一类直径为 50-100 nm 的细胞外囊泡。它们是通过复杂的细胞内生产机制产生的，然后被分泌到细胞外环境中。由于它们包含蛋白质、脂质和核酸，外泌体在细胞间通讯中发挥着重要作用。胰腺β细胞在机体葡萄糖代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。它们的功能障碍是糖尿病的原因之一。各种细胞的外泌体通过调节自身免疫、递送非编码RNA或直接调节细胞内信号通路来调节β细胞的功能。β细胞与其他细胞之间的这种通讯在糖尿病的发病和发展中发挥着重要作用，具有临床应用潜力。