Herein we report micro-alloying with the combination of Ca/In as a novel strategy to improve the anode performance for Mg-air batteries. Two micro-alloyed Mg–Ca–In anodes, i.e. Mg−0.1%Ca−0.2%In and Mg−0.2%Ca−0.4%In (wt%), are fabricated and evaluated in both configurations: half-cell and Mg-air full cell. Re-deposition of metallic In on anode surface during discharge is demonstrated. Anodic activation is then promoted by galvanic coupling between Mg and the re-deposited In, and film breakdown induced by In re-precipitation at the substrate/oxide film interface. Thus, the voltage and power density of Mg-air system are enhanced via adopting Mg–Ca–In anodes. Besides, wasteful-discharge of the Ca/In micro-alloyed anodes, which is related to the negative difference effect (NDE), is significantly suppressed. Anodic efficiency is consequently improved, reaching 80.2% at 5 mA cm⁻² initial current density, and so is the service life of the Mg-air battery. Due to the enhanced voltage and anodic efficiency, Mg–Ca–In anodes enable Mg-air battery to exhibit outstanding energy density, e.g. 2259 Wh kg⁻¹ at 5 mA cm⁻². Mg−0.1%Ca−0.2%In anode possesses superior performance in terms of low wasteful-discharge, enhanced discharge activity and high anodic efficiency. Therefore, we recommend micro-alloyed Mg–Ca–In, like Mg−0.1%Ca−0.2%In, as excellent candidates for anode materials of primary aqueous Mg-air batteries.

本文中，我们将微合金化与Ca / In的结合作为提高Mg-空气电池阳极性能的一种新颖策略。两种微合金化Mg-Ca-In阳极，即Mg-0.1％Ca-0.2％In和Mg-0.2％Ca-0.4％In（wt％），都在两种配置下制造和评估：半电池和Mg-空气充满细胞。演示了放电过程中阳极表面金属In的重新沉积。然后，通过Mg与再沉积的In之间的电流耦合促进阳极活化，并在基板/氧化膜界面处通过In的再沉淀诱导膜破裂。因此，通过采用Mg–Ca–In阳极可提高Mg-空气系统的电压和功率密度。此外，与负差效应（NDE）有关的Ca / In微合金化阳极的浪费放电得到了显着的抑制。阳极效率因此得到改善，⁻²初始电流密度，Mg-空气电池的使用寿命也是如此。由于提高了电压和阳极效率，Mg-Ca-In阳极使Mg-空气电池具有出色的能量密度，例如 在5 mA cm ^-2时的能量密度为2259 Wh kg ^-1。Mg-0.1％Ca-0.2％In阳极在低浪费放电，增强的放电活性和高阳极效率方面具有卓越的性能。因此，我们建议使用微合金化的Mg-Ca-In，例如Mg-0.1％Ca-0.2％In，作为初级含水Mg-空气电池负极材料的极佳候选材料。