ABSTRACT

Introduction

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) originally were prescribed for prevention or treatment of malaria, but now successfully are used in several rheumatologic diseases. In addition, in recent decades considering their immunomodulatory effects, high tolerably, and low cost, they are evaluated for various viral infections from HIV to COVID-19.

Areas covered

In this review, we tried to summarize all available studies on HCQ and CQ efficacy for management of viral infections and the probable mechanisms of action. The data were collected by searching ‘Hydroxychloroquine,’ ‘Chloroquine,’ ‘Viral infection,’ and names of various viral infections in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from commencement to June 2020. Out of 95 search results, 74 most relevant works were gathered.

Expert opinion

HCQ/CQ showed acceptable efficacy in HIV especially as an adjuvant treatment beside routine HAART. However, for some viral infections such as ZIKA, EBOLA, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, human studies are lacking. In the COVID-19 pandemic, in vitro and preliminary human studies showed encouraging findings. However, later well-designed trials and retrospective studies with large sample size not only reported non-significant efficacy but also showed more cardiac adverse reactions. Alkalinization of acid vesicles is the most important mechanism of action.

中文翻译：

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重用著名的抗病毒药物：羟基氯喹和氯喹-从HIV-1感染到COVID-19。

摘要

介绍

最初规定使用氯喹（CQ）和羟基氯喹（HCQ）预防或治疗疟疾，但现在成功地将其用于多种风湿病。此外，近几十年来，考虑到它们的免疫调节作用，高耐受性和低成本，对其进行了从HIV到COVID-19的各种病毒感染的评估。

覆盖区域

在这篇综述中，我们试图总结所有有关HCQ和CQ对病毒感染管理和可能的作用机制的有效性研究。从开始到2020年6月，在PubMed / MEDLINE，Scopus和Google Scholar数据库中搜索“羟氯喹”，“氯喹”，“病毒感染”以及各种病毒感染的名称来收集数据。在95个搜索结果中，有74个是最收集了相关作品。

专家意见

HCQ / CQ在HIV中显示出可接受的疗效，尤其是作为常规HAART的辅助治疗。但是，对于某些病毒感染，例如ZIKA，EBOLA，SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV，尚缺乏人体研究。在COVID-19大流行中，体外和初步人体研究显示出令人鼓舞的发现。然而，后来经过精心设计的试验和具有大样本量的回顾性研究不仅报告了无效的疗效，而且还显示出更多的心脏不良反应。酸性囊泡的碱化是最重要的作用机制。