Abstract Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) have facilitated new growth in civil aviation. Unlike manned aircraft, however, they are operated without auditory feedback and normally flown under two visual conditions: in direct visual-line-of-sight to the remote pilot (VLOS) and beyond VLOS with first-person-view imagery transmitted via onboard cameras (BVLOS). The present research examined the effectiveness of audiovisual cueing on remote pilot manual flying performance. Eighteen pilots (three female) completed six navigation and 12 spotting tasks. Their flying performance (horizontal accuracy, vertical accuracy and timeliness) was examined under three different visual display types (VLOS (Control), BVLOS-Monitor & BVLOS-Goggles), with and without real-time auditory feedback, and two wind component (no wind and wind) conditions. Horizontal deviation and timeliness improved in the BVLOS-Monitor condition navigation task, while auditory feedback produced nuanced examples of improved and degraded pilot performance. These results indicate how the specificity of the task, combined with different levels of audiovisual feedback influences remote pilot performance. These findings support the rationalisation for the provision of multimodal dynamic sensory cueing in future RPAS. Practitioner summary: Accuracy and timeliness of remote pilot manual flying performance was measured under a combination of audiovisual feedback in calm and wind shear conditions. The inclusion of real-time auditory feedback as an additional sensory cue is uncommon; this study demonstrated nuanced examples of improved and degraded manual flying performance. The provision of dynamic sensory cueing made available to remote pilots in future RPAS should be considered.

中文翻译：

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听觉和视觉反馈对遥控驾驶员手动飞行性能的影响

摘要 遥控飞机系统（RPAS）促进了民用航空的新增长。然而，与有人驾驶飞机不同的是，它们在没有听觉反馈的情况下运行，通常在两种视觉条件下飞行：在远程飞行员的直接视线 (VLOS) 和 VLOS 之外，通过机载摄像头传输第一人称视角图像(BVLOS)。本研究检验了视听提示对遥控飞行员手动飞行性能的有效性。18 名飞行员（3 名女性）完成了 6 次导航和 12 次侦察任务。他们的飞行性能（水平精度、垂直精度和及时性）在三种不同的视觉显示类型（VLOS（控制）、BVLOS-Monitor 和 BVLOS-Goggles）下进行了检查，有和没有实时听觉反馈，以及两种风分量（无风和风）条件。BVLOS-Monitor 条件导航任务中的水平偏差和及时性得到改善，而听觉反馈产生了改善和降低飞行员性能的细微示例。这些结果表明任务的特殊性与不同级别的视听反馈相结合如何影响远程飞行员的表现。这些发现支持在未来的 RPAS 中提供多模式动态感官提示的合理化。从业者总结：远程飞行员手动飞行性能的准确性和及时性是在平静和风切变条件下结合视听反馈测量的。将实时听觉反馈作为附加感官提示的情况并不常见。这项研究展示了改进和降低手动飞行性能的细微差别示例。