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The ecology of human-carnivore coexistence.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 9.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922097117
Clayton T Lamb 1, 2 , Adam T Ford 2 , Bruce N McLellan 3 , Michael F Proctor 4 , Garth Mowat 5, 6 , Lana Ciarniello 7 , Scott E Nielsen 8 , Stan Boutin 8
Affiliation  

With a shrinking supply of wilderness and growing recognition that top predators can have a profound influence on ecosystems, the persistence of large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes has emerged as one of the greatest conservation challenges of our time. Carnivores fascinate society, yet these animals pose threats to people living near them, resulting in high rates of carnivore death near human settlements. We used 41 y of demographic data for more than 2,500 brown bears—one of the world’s most widely distributed and conflict-prone carnivores—to understand the behavioral and demographic mechanisms promoting carnivore coexistence in human-dominated landscapes. Bear mortality was high and unsustainable near people, but a human-induced shift to nocturnality facilitated lower risks of bear mortality and rates of conflict with people. Despite these behavioral shifts, projected population growth rates for bears in human-dominated areas revealed a source-sink dynamic. Despite some female bears successfully reproducing in the sink areas, bear persistence was reliant on a supply of immigrants from areas with minimal human influence (i.e., wilderness). Such mechanisms of coexistence reveal a striking paradox: Connectivity to wilderness areas supplies bears that likely will die from people, but these bears are essential to avert local extirpation. These insights suggest carnivores contribute to human–carnivore coexistence through behavioral and demographic mechanisms, and that connected wilderness is critical to sustain coexistence landscapes.



中文翻译:

食肉动物共存的生态。

随着荒野供应的减少和人们日益认识到顶级食肉动物可以对生态系统产生深远的影响,大型食肉动物在人类主导的景观中的存留已成为当今时代最大的保护挑战之一。食肉动物着迷于社会,但这些动物对生活在其附近的人们构成了威胁,导致人类住区附近食肉动物的死亡率很高。我们使用41年的人口统计数据获取了2500多只棕熊(世界上分布最广泛且容易发生冲突的食肉动物之一)的信息,以了解促进食肉动物在人类主导的景观中共存的行为和人口统计学机制。熊的死亡率很高,在人们附近无法维持,但是人为导致的夜行性转变有助于降低熊死亡率和与人发生冲突的风险。尽管行为发生了这些变化,但在人类占主导的地区中,预计的熊的人口增长率显示出源汇动态。尽管有一些母熊在汇区成功繁殖,但熊的持久性依赖于人类影响力最小的地区(即荒野)的移民供应。这种共存机制揭示了一个惊人的悖论:与荒野地区的连通性提供了可能会死于人类的熊,但这些熊对于避免当地灭绝至关重要。这些见解表明,食肉动物通过行为和人口统计学机制促进了人类与食肉动物的共存,而相连的荒野对于维持共存景观至关重要。尽管有一些母熊在汇区成功繁殖,但熊的持久性依赖于人类影响力最小的地区(即荒野)的移民供应。这种共存机制揭示了一个惊人的悖论:与荒野地区的连通性提供了可能会死于人类的熊,但这些熊对于避免当地灭绝至关重要。这些见解表明,食肉动物通过行为和人口统计学机制促进了人类与食肉动物的共存,而相连的荒野对于维持共存景观至关重要。尽管有一些母熊在汇区成功繁殖,但熊的持久性依赖于人类影响力最小的地区(即荒野)的移民供应。这种共存机制揭示了一个惊人的悖论:与荒野地区的连通性提供了可能会被人杀死的熊,但这些熊对于避免当地灭绝至关重要。这些见解表明,食肉动物通过行为和人口统计学机制促进了人类与食肉动物的共存,而相连的荒野对于维持共存景观至关重要。与荒野地区的连通性提供了可能会死于人的熊,但这些熊对于避免当地灭绝至关重要。这些见解表明,食肉动物通过行为和人口统计学机制促进了人类与食肉动物的共存,而相连的荒野对于维持共存景观至关重要。与荒野地区的连通性提供了可能会死于人的熊,但这些熊对于避免当地灭绝至关重要。这些见解表明,食肉动物通过行为和人口统计学机制促进了人类与食肉动物的共存,而相连的荒野对于维持共存景观至关重要。

更新日期:2020-07-29
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