The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large‐scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.

中文翻译：

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枯草芽孢杆菌孢子在生物技术和先进材料中的应用。

枯草芽孢杆菌细菌长期以来一直是基础研究的重要课题。然而，由于该生物易于遗传操作，有利于大规模发酵的培养特性，卓越的蛋白质分泌能力以及通常被认为是安全（GRAS）状态，因此该生物也具有工业应用。另外，作为枯草芽孢杆菌的代谢休眠形式，它的孢子由于对许多环境胁迫的极端抵抗而引起了极大的兴趣，这使孢子成为了多种应用的新颖平台。在这篇综述中，我们总结了枯草芽孢杆菌的常规和新兴应用孢子，着重于其独特特性如何导致其在许多技术领域的创新应用，包括产生稳定和可循环利用的酶，合成生物学，药物递送和材料科学。最终，这篇综述希望激发科学界利用孢子的跨学科方法来解决全球对粮食短缺，环境保护和医疗保健的关注。