Over recent decades, ungulate populations across Europe have undergone a rapid recovery. While this constitutes a conservation success, there is increasing concern about their impacts on shared resources with humans. Understanding ungulate food choices is crucial for predicting such impacts. Numerous studies have focused on single species or communities at narrow spatial scales. Here, we used 265 published diets from 87 European studies to investigate patterns of resource use by four common deer species (moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and fallow deer Dama dama), and wild boar Sus scrofa at the continental scale. On average, deer diets separated mostly along a gradient from grass to browse. Fallow deer diets contained the most and moose diets the least amount of grass, but we also found large intraspecific variation among all deer species. Diets of roe deer, a presumed browser, frequently contained ≥ 25% grass. Wild boar diet contained grass in amounts similar to red deer but otherwise differed strongly from deer diets. All five ungulate species shifted to eating higher proportions of woody browse during winter. Habitat influenced variation in intraspecific diets, but the proportions of key forage types related to feeding type (i.e. grass for intermediate feeders red and fallow deer, and shrubs for the browsers moose and roe deer) remained fairly consisted across habitat types. In northern and central Europe, diet similarity between roe deer and red deer was highest during winter and spring and lowest during summer and autumn but remained constant across the seasons in southern Europe. We foresee that, as interspecific interactions driven by land‐use and climatic changes increase across Europe, further monitoring and testing will be needed to understand the dynamics of dietary niche partitioning among ungulates.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲有蹄类动物饮食研究五十年：综述

在最近的几十年中，欧洲有蹄类动物的种群迅速恢复。尽管这在保护方面取得了成功，但人们越来越担心它们对与人类共享资源的影响。了解有蹄类食物选择对于预测此类影响至关重要。许多研究集中在狭窄空间尺度上的单个物种或群落。在这里，我们使用265周发表的饮食从87个欧洲研究由四种常见鹿科动物调查的资源使用模式（驼鹿驼鹿，马鹿马鹿，狍狍和小鹿达马鹿）和野猪野猪在大陆范围内。平均而言，鹿的饮食大多是从草到浏览的梯度分离的。小鹿日粮中草的含量最高，而驼鹿日粮中的草含量最少，但是我们还发现所有鹿种之间的种内差异很大。browser的饮食（一种假定的浏览器）经常含有≥25％的草。野猪日粮中所含草的数量与马鹿相似，但与鹿日粮有很大差异。在冬季，所有五个有蹄类动物都转变成吃木本植物的比例更高。生境影响种内饮食的变化，但是与饲喂类型有关的主要饲草类型（即草为中间饲喂者红色和小鹿，以及灌木为驼鹿和ro的灌木）所占比例在整个生境类型中仍然相当。在北欧和中欧，winter和马鹿的饮食相似性在冬季和春季最高，在夏季和秋季最低，但在南欧整个季节保持不变。我们预见，随着整个欧洲土地利用和气候变化驱动的种间相互作用的增加，将需要进一步的监测和测试，以了解有蹄类动物饮食生态位分配的动态。