This study is motivated by the prospect of needing to harness significant flows of investment and finance, along with private sector commitment, towards decarbonizing passenger transport in Europe. It asks: what types of actors and stakeholder groups, business models, and resulting innovation activity systems might vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology create or accelerate? Based primarily on qualitative research interviews and focus groups in five countries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and a comprehensive literature review, the study assess stakeholder perceptions of primary and secondary business models for V2G. It identifies at least twelve meaningful stakeholder types and corresponding business markets: automotive manufacturers, battery manufacturers, vehicle owners, energy suppliers, transmission and distribution system operators, fleets, aggregators, mobility-as-a-service providers, renewable electricity independent power providers, public transit operators, secondhand markets and secondary markets. These business models fall into the five clusters of equipment, grid services, aggregation, bundling, and secondary markets. We then examine how these business models differ by innovation activity systems—that is, by content, structure, and governance. We lastly translate these findings into policy recommendations of relevance for all types of countries.

这项研究的前景是，有必要利用大量的投资和资金流，以及私营部门的承诺，为欧洲的旅客运输减碳。它问：车辆到网格（V2G）技术可以创建或加速哪些类型的参与者和利益相关者团体，业务模型以及由此产生的创新活动系统？该研究主要基于对五个国家（丹麦，芬兰，冰岛，挪威和瑞典）的定性研究访谈和焦点小组，并进行了全面的文献综述，评估了利益相关方对V2G主要和次要商业模式的看法。它确定了至少十二种有意义的利益相关者类型和相应的业务市场：汽车制造商，电池制造商，车主，能源供应商，传输和分配系统运营商，车队，集合商，移动即服务提供商，可再生电力独立电力提供商，公交运营商，二手市场和二级市场。这些业务模型属于设备，网格服务，聚合，捆绑和二级市场的五个集群。然后，我们研究这些业务模型在创新活动系统（即内容，结构和治理）方面的差异。我们最后将这些发现转化为与所有类型的国家相关的政策建议。然后，我们研究这些业务模型在创新活动系统（即内容，结构和治理）方面的差异。我们最后将这些发现转化为与所有类型的国家相关的政策建议。然后，我们研究这些业务模型在创新活动系统（即内容，结构和治理）方面的差异。我们最后将这些发现转化为与所有类型的国家相关的政策建议。