Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca²⁺ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.

木霉属。是陆地生态系统中普遍的腐生真菌，作为根际居民，它们在多个营养水平上介导与其他土壤微生物，植物和节肢动物的相互作用。在根际中，木霉菌可以减少植物致病微生物的含量，这涉及有效的抑制分子（例如胶质病毒素和铁载体）的作用，而木霉菌之间的内生联系寄主植物的种子和根可以提高植物的生长和作物的生产力，并减轻非生物胁迫。此类有益作用是通过激活植物激素（如植物生长素和脱落酸）控制的内源性机制以及宿主植物代谢的变化来介导的。在根部定植期间或在没有身体接触的情况下，木霉菌可以触发由Ca ²⁺和活性氧介导的早期防御反应，并随后通过增强植物激素水杨酸，茉莉酸和乙烯调节的抗性机制来刺激植物免疫。此外，木霉释放用作信号分子的挥发性有机化合物和氮或氧杂环化合物，这些化合物对植物生长，植物病原体水平，草食性昆虫有影响，并且在第三个营养级发挥作用，吸引草食动物的天敌（天敌和寄生虫） 。在本文中，我们回顾了我们对木霉属物种的环境影响的理解方面的一些最新进展，尤其着重于它们在不同营养级别的多重相互作用。