Biochar has been recognized as a sustainable platform for developing functional materials including catalysts. This work demonstrated a method of converting biochar to sulfonated solid-acid catalysts, and the effectiveness of the catalysts for spiramycin hydrolysis was examined. Two biochar samples (H and X) were sulfonated with three reagents (concentrated H₂SO₄, ClSO₃H and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH)) under hydrothermal, simple heating, ambient temperature, and CHCl₃-assisted treatments. The effect of elemental compositions and structural characteristics of the feeding materials (H and X) on the acidic properties of the sulfonated biochars were investigated. The results showed that the sulfonation ability of the three reagents was in the order of ClSO₃H > H₂SO₄ > TsOH, while hydrothermal treatment provided the highest total acidity, and largest amount of acidic groups (e.g., SO₃H, COOH and Ar-OH). Biochar X with higher O/C and N contents, and less graphitic features showed superior acidic properties than biochar H under all the employed treatments. The hydrolytic efficiencies of the sulfonated biochars under 200 W of microwave irradiation increased with increasing total acidity, and the amount of SO₃H and COOH groups. After sulfonation, the O/C of biochars increased, while H/C decreased, and the aromatic and graphitic features did not change. The electromagnetic energy absorbed by the sulfonated biochars did not notably contribute to spiramycin hydrolysis. Thus, this work demonstrated an effective and promising method for maneuvering biochar-based functional solid-acid catalysts for antibiotic remediation in contaminated water.

Biochar被公认为是开发包括催化剂在内的功能材料的可持续平台。这项工作证明了一种将生物炭转化为磺化固体酸催化剂的方法，并研究了该催化剂对螺旋霉素水解的有效性。在水热，简单加热，环境温度和CHCl ₃下，用三种试剂（浓H ₂ SO ₄，ClSO ₃ H和对甲苯磺酸（TsOH））磺化两个生物炭样品（H和X）。辅助治疗。研究了进料（H和X）的元素组成和结构特征对磺化生物炭酸性的影响。结果表明，三种试剂的磺化能力依次为ClSO ₃ H> H ₂ SO ₄ > TsOH，而水热处理可提供最高的总酸度和最大的酸性基团（如SO ₃H，COOH和Ar-OH）。在所有使用的处理下，具有较高O / C和N含量以及较少石墨特征的Biochar X表现出比Biochar H更好的酸性。磺化生物炭在200 W微波辐射下的水解效率随着总酸度，SO ₃ H和COOH基团数量的增加而增加。磺化后，生物炭的O / C升高，而H / C降低，且芳族和石墨特征未发生变化。磺化生物炭吸收的电磁能对螺旋霉素的水解没有显着贡献。因此，这项工作证明了一种有效且有前途的方法，可用于操纵生物炭基功能性固体酸催化剂对污水中的抗生素进行修复。