Abstract Mining is essential to the human economy and has been conducted for millennia. In the past ~60 years, the scale of disturbance created by mining has grown larger in response to economic demands and technology capacity. However the scale of disturbance from mining is dwarfed by that of urban expansion and agriculture. Nevertheless, it is well recognised that mine sites have radically disturbed abiotic and biotic system components that, post-mining need to restore new land uses and ecosystem goods and services. In many cases, such aims demand a geomorphic integration with the surrounding undisturbed landscape. Erosional stability based on geomorphic principles is the first and most important part of the process. Without erosional stability, vegetation will be difficult to establish and maintain and soil and nutrients will be lost from the site. In this review we outline this process and methods by which a geomorphic and integrative landscape can be established. We also examine the issue of establishing a self-sustaining landscape that is similar to that of the prior undisturbed landscape. Here we argue that this is not possible in almost all situations, however the development of a new and ecologically successful, albeit different landscape is. The community needs to accept that mining, like agriculture, is essential to the modern economy and that a past landscape cannot be replaced with the same, but a new, functional and productive one can be developed. However, the ability to do this and ensure long-term ecological sustainability is questionable for many sites and considerable effort needs to be made to develop the technology to ensure that this will occur. We outline a way forward, based on geomorphic design and modelling.

中文翻译：

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采矿修复——利用地貌学为高度受干扰的土地设计生态可持续的景观

摘要 采矿对人类经济至关重要，并且已经进行了数千年。在过去的约 60 年中，由于经济需求和技术能力，采矿造成的干扰规模越来越大。然而，与城市扩张和农业相比，采矿造成的干扰规模相形见绌。然而，众所周知，矿场已经从根本上扰乱了非生物和生物系统组件，采矿后需要恢复新的土地用途和生态系统产品和服务。在许多情况下，此类目标需要与周围未受干扰的景观进行地貌整合。基于地貌原理的侵蚀稳定性是该过程的第一个也是最重要的部分。无侵蚀稳定性，植被将难以建立和维持，土壤和养分将从现场流失。在这篇综述中，我们概述了可以建立地貌和综合景观的过程和方法。我们还研究了建立与先前未受干扰的景观相似的自我维持景观的问题。在这里，我们认为这在几乎所有情况下都是不可能的，但是新的和生态上成功的发展，尽管不同的景观。社区需要接受采矿业和农业一样，对现代经济至关重要，过去的景观不能被相同的景观取代，但可以开发一种新的、功能性的和生产性的景观。然而，对于许多站点而言，这样做并确保长期生态可持续性的能力值得怀疑，需要做出相当大的努力来开发技术以确保实现这一目标。我们概述了基于地貌设计和建模的前进方向。