Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be effectively treated using topical cyclosporine. However, topical delivery is extremely challenging owing to the physicochemical nature of cyclosporine, as well as the thick psoriatic stratum corneum. In the present study, for the first time, we attempted to formulate a cyclosporine-loaded Pluronic® F127 stabilized reduced graphene oxide hydrogel to improve cyclosporine permeation and retention in the affected tissue for effective psoriasis treatment. The attachment of Pluronic® F127 on reduced graphene oxide was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscopy image demonstrated a wrinkled and flattened nanosheet surface with Pluronic® F127 micelles. Ex vivo permeation data demonstrated an increase in cyclosporine permeation with increasing levels of reduced graphene oxide in the hydrogel. The hydrogel showed sufficient mechanical properties (texture analyzer report) for topical application, without any sign of irritation on rabbit skin. In the drug retention study, the C-P-rGO-500 hydrogel demonstrated maximum drug trapping inside the skin tissue. In the efficacy study in mice, the C-P-rGO-500 hydrogel decreased hyperplasia and tissue damage in psoriatic skin. Thus, the ability of the reduced graphene oxide nanocarrier to improve cyclosporine permeation, as well as retention in skin tissue, could be successfully utilized for effective psoriasis treatment, minimizing side effects encountered with oral and systemic routes.

牛皮癣是一种慢性炎症性疾病，可以使用外用环孢素有效治疗。然而，由于环孢素的理化性质以及厚的银屑病角质层，局部给药极具挑战性。在本研究中，我们首次尝试配制负载环孢菌素的 Pluronic® F127 稳定的还原氧化石墨烯水凝胶，以改善环孢菌素在受影响组织中的渗透和保留，从而有效治疗牛皮癣。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱、拉曼光谱和 X 射线衍射证实了 Pluronic® F127 在还原氧化石墨烯上的附着。扫描电子显微镜图像显示出带有 Pluronic® F127 胶束的起皱且平坦的纳米片表面。离体渗透数据表明，随着水凝胶中还原氧化石墨烯水平的增加，环孢菌素渗透性增加。该水凝胶显示出足够的机械性能（质地分析仪报告），适合局部应用，对兔子皮肤没有任何刺激迹象。在药物保留研究中，CP-rGO-500 水凝胶表现出最大程度的药物捕获在皮肤组织内。在小鼠功效研究中，CP-rGO-500 水凝胶减少了银屑病皮肤的增生和组织损伤。因此，还原氧化石墨烯纳米载体改善环孢菌素渗透以及在皮肤组织中保留的能力，可以成功地用于有效的牛皮癣治疗，最大限度地减少口服和全身途径遇到的副作用。