Urban settlements, whether single buildings or apartment blocks, influence near-surface ground temperatures. Heat transfer by buildings to the ground must therefore be considered when designing both vertical probes and energy geostructures in urban areas. However, assessment of ground temperature variability in urban areas is still uncommon for shallow geothermal energy purposes, the standard temperature gradient based on climatic conditions usually being employed during the design phase. Yet precise assessment of the heat transfer between buildings, infrastructures and the underground could improve the planning of geothermal systems. This work presents a numerical simulation of a finite-element model of heat transfer to the underground due to both a single building and climate conditions with the aim of reproducing the temperature waves at each depth. An isolated building in Bologna (Italy) was chosen since it allowed exact quantification of its influence on the ground temperature without external interferences. For this purpose, different boundary and initial conditions were applied to the ground thermal model and results were compared with historical data recorded over several years. The idea proposed in the paper for a single building can be considered as the baseline for further ground temperature assessment of wider urban settlements.

中文翻译：

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意大利博洛尼亚一栋建筑物下方观测温度场的模拟

无论是单个建筑物还是公寓楼，城市居民区都会影响近地表温度。因此，在设计城市区域的垂直探头和能源地质结构时，必须考虑建筑物向地面的热传递。然而，出于浅层地热能的目的，城市地区对地面温度变化的评估仍然不常见，在设计阶段通常采用基于气候条件的标准温度梯度。然而，精确评估建筑物，基础设施和地下之间的热传递可以改善地热系统的规划。这项工作提出了由于建筑物和气候条件而导致地下热传递的有限元模型的数值模拟，目的是再现每个深度的温度波。选择了博洛尼亚（意大利）的一栋隔离建筑，因为它可以准确量化其对地面温度的影响，而无需外界干扰。为此，将不同的边界条件和初始条件应用于地热模型，并将结果与​​几年来记录的历史数据进行了比较。本文中提出的针对单个建筑物的想法可以视为进一步评估更广泛的城市住区的地面温度的基准。选择了博洛尼亚（意大利）的一栋隔离建筑，因为它可以准确量化其对地面温度的影响，而无需外界干扰。为此，将不同的边界条件和初始条件应用于地热模型，并将结果与​​几年来记录的历史数据进行了比较。本文中提出的针对单个建筑物的想法可以视为进一步评估更广泛的城市住区的地面温度的基准。选择了博洛尼亚（意大利）的一栋隔离建筑，因为它可以准确量化其对地面温度的影响，而无需外界干扰。为此，将不同的边界条件和初始条件应用于地热模型，并将结果与​​几年来记录的历史数据进行了比较。本文中提出的针对单个建筑物的想法可以视为进一步评估更广泛的城市住区的地面温度的基准。