Many studies have revealed the structural or functional brain changes induced by occupational factors. However, it remains largely unknown how occupation-related connectivity shapes the brain. In this paper, we denote occupational neuroplasticity as the neuroplasticity that takes place to satisfy the occupational requirements by extensively professional training and to accommodate the long-term, professional work of daily life, and a critical review of occupational neuroplasticity related to the changes in brain structure and functional networks has been primarily presented. Furthermore, meta-analysis revealed a neurophysiological mechanism of occupational neuroplasticity caused by professional experience. This meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies showed that experts displayed stronger activation in the left precentral gyrus [Brodmann area (BA)6], left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), and right inferior frontal gyrus (BA9) than novices, while meta-analysis of structural studies suggested that experts had a greater gray matter volume in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus (BA22) and right putamen than novices. Together, these findings not only expand the current understanding of the common neurophysiological basis of occupational neuroplasticity across different occupations and highlight some possible targets for neural modulation of occupational neuroplasticity but also provide a new perspective for occupational science research.

中文翻译：

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人脑中的职业神经可塑性：神经影像学研究的批判性回顾和元分析

许多研究揭示了职业因素引起的大脑结构或功能变化。然而，与职业相关的连接如何塑造大脑在很大程度上仍然未知。在本文中，我们将职业神经可塑性表示为通过广泛的专业培训满足职业要求并适应日常生活的长期专业工作的神经可塑性，并对与大脑变化相关的职业神经可塑性进行了批判性回顾。主要介绍了结构和功能网络。此外，荟萃分析揭示了由专业经验引起的职业神经可塑性的神经生理机制。这项功能性神经影像学研究的荟萃分析表明，专家在左侧中央前回 [布罗德曼区 (BA)6]、左侧额中回 (BA6) 和右侧额下回 (BA9) 中表现出比新手更强的激活，而元对结构研究的分析表明，专家在双侧颞上回 (BA22) 和右侧壳核中的灰质体积比新手更大。总之，这些发现不仅扩展了当前对不同职业的休闲神经可塑性的共同神经生理学基础的理解，并突出了休闲神经可塑性的神经调节的一些可能目标，而且为休闲科学研究提供了新的视角。而对结构研究的荟萃分析表明，专家在双侧颞上回 (BA22) 和右壳核中的灰质体积比新手更大。总之，这些发现不仅扩展了目前对不同职业的休闲神经可塑性的共同神经生理学基础的理解，并突出了休闲神经可塑性的神经调节的一些可能目标，而且为休闲科学研究提供了新的视角。而对结构研究的荟萃分析表明，专家在双侧颞上回 (BA22) 和右侧壳核中的灰质体积比新手更大。总之，这些发现不仅扩展了目前对不同职业的休闲神经可塑性的共同神经生理学基础的理解，并突出了休闲神经可塑性的神经调节的一些可能目标，而且为休闲科学研究提供了新的视角。