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The science of belief: A progress report
WIREs Cognitive Science ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-06 , DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1539
Nicolas Porot 1 , Eric Mandelbaum 2
Affiliation  

The empirical study of belief is emerging at a rapid clip, uniting work from all corners of cognitive science. Reliance on belief in understanding and predicting behavior is widespread. Examples can be found, inter alia, in the placebo, attribution theory, theory of mind, and comparative psychological literatures. Research on belief also provides evidence for robust generalizations, including about how we fix, store, and change our beliefs. Evidence supports the existence of a Spinozan system of belief fixation: one that is automatic and independent of belief rejection. Independent research supports the existence of a system of fragmented belief storage: one that relies on large numbers of causally isolated, context‐sensitive stores of belief in memory. Finally, empirical and observational data support at least two systems of belief change. One system adheres, mostly, to epistemological norms of updating; the other, the psychological immune system, functions to guard our most centrally held beliefs from potential inconsistency with newly formed beliefs. Refining our understanding of these systems can shed light on pressing real‐world issues, such as how fake news, propaganda, and brainwashing exploit our psychology of belief, and how best to construct our modern informational world.

中文翻译:

信仰科学:进展报告

对信念的实证研究正在迅速兴起,将认知科学各个角落的工作联合起来。对理解和预测行为的信念的依赖很普遍。例子可以在安慰剂、归因理论、心理理论和比较心理学文献中找到。对信念的研究还为稳健的概括提供了证据,包括关于我们如何修复、存储和改变我们的信念。证据支持斯宾诺赞信念固定系统的存在:一种自动且独立于信念拒绝的系统。独立研究支持碎片化信念存储系统的存在:该系统依赖于大量因果孤立的、上下文敏感的信念存储在记忆中。最后,经验和观察数据支持至少两个信念变化系统。一个系统主要坚持更新的认识论规范;另一个是心理免疫系统,它的功能是保护我们最核心的信念与新形成的信念之间的潜在不一致。完善我们对这些系统的理解可以阐明紧迫的现实世界问题,例如假新闻、宣传和洗脑如何利用我们的信仰心理,以及如何最好地构建我们的现代信息世界。
更新日期:2020-07-06
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