Exploring the functional meaning of head shape disparity in aquatic snakes.,Ecology and Evolution

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Exploring the functional meaning of head shape disparity in aquatic snakes.
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-06 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6380
Marion Segall _{1,

2,

3} , Raphaël Cornette ₄ , Ramiro Godoy-Diana ₃ , Anthony Herrel _{2,

5}

Affiliation

Phenotypic diversity, or disparity, can be explained by simple genetic drift or, if functional constraints are strong, by selection for ecologically relevant phenotypes. We here studied phenotypic disparity in head shape in aquatic snakes. We investigated whether conflicting selective pressures related to different functions have driven shape diversity and explore whether similar phenotypes may give rise to the same functional output (i.e., many‐to‐one mapping of form to function). We focused on the head shape of aquatically foraging snakes as they fulfill several fitness‐relevant functions and show a large amount of morphological variability. We used 3D surface scanning and 3D geometric morphometrics to compare the head shape of 62 species in a phylogenetic context. We first tested whether diet specialization and size are drivers of head shape diversification. Next, we tested for many‐to‐one mapping by comparing the hydrodynamic efficiency of head shape characteristic of the main axes of variation in the dataset. We 3D printed these shapes and measured the forces at play during a frontal strike. Our results show that diet and size explain only a small amount of shape variation. Shapes did not fully functionally converge as more specialized aquatic species evolved a more efficient head shape than others. The shape disparity observed could thus reflect a process of niche specialization.

中文翻译：

探索水蛇头部形状差异的功能意义。

表型多样性或差异可以通过简单的遗传漂变来解释，或者，如果功能限制很强，可以通过选择生态相关的表型来解释。我们在这里研究了水生蛇头部形状的表型差异。我们研究了与不同功能相关的相互冲突的选择压力是否驱动了形状多样性，并探讨了相似的表型是否可能产生相同的功能输出（即形式到功能的多对一映射）。我们重点关注水生觅食蛇的头部形状，因为它们履行多种与健身相关的功能，并表现出大量的形态变异性。我们使用 3D 表面扫描和 3D 几何形态测量学在系统发育背景下比较了 62 个物种的头部形状。我们首先测试了饮食的专门化和尺寸是否是头型多样化的驱动因素。接下来，我们通过比较数据集中变化主轴的头部形状特征的流体动力效率来测试多对一映射。我们 3D 打印了这些形状，并测量了正面攻击期间所产生的力量。我们的研究结果表明，饮食和体型只能解释少量的体形变化。随着更专业的水生物种进化出比其他物种更有效的头部形状，形状并没有完全在功能上趋同。因此，观察到的形状差异可以反映生态位专业化的过程。

更新日期：2020-07-30

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