Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been applied in several sectors in the environmental field, such as aquatic nanoremediation, due to their unique superparamagnetic and nanospecific properties. However, the knowledge of chronic toxicity of IONPs on aquatic invertebrate remains limited. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the chronic toxicity of gluconic acid-functionalized IONPs (GLA-IONPs) and their dissolved counterpart (FeCl₃) to freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. GLA-IONPs were synthesized and characterized by multiple techniques, and the snails were exposed to both Fe forms at environmentally relevant concentrations (1.0–15.6 mg L⁻¹) for 28 days. The bioaccumulation, mortality rate, behavior impairments, morphological alterations, fecundity and fertility of snails were analyzed. Results showed that GLA-IONPs induced high iron bioaccumulation in the entire soft tissue portion. Chronic exposure to GLA-IONP increased the behavioral impairments of snails compared to iron ions and control groups. Both Fe forms reduced the fecundity, while the mortality and reduced fertility were observed only after the exposure to GLA-IONPs at 15.6 mg L⁻¹. Overall results indicated the behavioral impairments and reproductive toxicity associated, possibly, to bioaccumulation of GLA-IONPs in the B. glabrata. These results can be useful for the development of eco-friendly nanotechnologies.

氧化铁纳米粒子（IONPs）由于其独特的超顺磁性和纳米特性，已被应用于环境领域的多个领域，例如水生纳米修复。但是，IONPs对水生无脊椎动物的慢性毒性的知识仍然有限。因此，本研究旨在分析葡萄糖酸官能化的IONPs（GLA-IONPs）及其溶解的对应物（FeCl ₃）对淡水蜗牛Biomphalaria glabrata的慢性毒性。合成了GLA-IONPs，并通过多种技术对其进行了表征，并且将蜗牛暴露于两种铁形式的环境相关浓度（1.0-15.6 mg L ^-1），持续28天。分析了蜗牛的生物蓄积，死亡率，行为障碍，形态变化，繁殖力和繁殖力。结果表明，GLA-IONPs在整个软组织部分诱导了高的铁生物富集。与铁离子和对照组相比，长期暴露于GLA-IONP会增加蜗牛的行为障碍。两种铁的形式都降低了繁殖力，而仅在以15.6 mg L ^-1的GLA-IONP暴露后才观察到死亡率和生育力降低。总体结果表明，行为障碍和生殖毒性可能与光滑小球藻中GLA-IONP的生物蓄积有关。这些结果对于开发生态友好的纳米技术可能是有用的。