Abstract Bark stripping damage and the resultant stem rot to Norway spruce (Picea abies [L]. Karst), one of the most important tree species, poses a serious problem for forest management in Europe. Our research objective was to determine the effect of bark stripping, the subsequent rot decay and the impact of climatic factors in young (42–49 years) spruce stands. Moreover, we compared the differences between damage caused by red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck). In all the cases studied, game damage was lower in forest stands when caused by sika deer (SD − 77.3%) compared to red deer (RD − 88.8%); 27.8% (SD) – 32.0% (RD) of stem circumference was damaged in average. Damaged trees showed higher growth variability and were more sensitive to a lack of precipitation and droughts, while air temperature had a higher effect on the growth of healthy trees. The initial game damage was observed in the 11 (SD) – 14 (RD) year of the mean tree age. The stem volume was lower by 25% (SD) – 28% (RD) in lightly damaged trees, and 50% (SD) – 71% (RD) in heavily damaged trees compared to healthy trees. The vertical stem decay reached a maximum of up to 4.5 m (SD) – 6.0 m (RD) (mean 1.9–3.1 m) with the mean speed of vertical spreading of 5.7 cm yr−1 (SD) – 9.6 (RD) cm yr−1. The mean decayed wood accounted for 30% (SD) – 39% (RD) of the stem volume. The peripheral stem damage by bark stripping and the age of the first occurrence were significant factors in predicting damaged crosscut area and vertical rot spreading in the stem. During this time of climate change, the stability of damaged spruce stands has been significantly disturbed by deer game.

中文翻译：

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剥皮是影响中欧挪威云杉林茎腐病发展和木材生产的关键因素

摘要 作为最重要的树种之一，挪威云杉（Picea abies [L]. Karst）的树皮剥落损伤和由此导致的茎腐病给欧洲的森林管理带来了严重的问题。我们的研究目标是确定树皮剥离的影响、随后的腐烂腐烂以及气候因素对年轻（42-49 岁）云杉林分的影响。此外，我们比较了马鹿 (Cervus elaphus L.) 和梅花鹿 (Cervus nippon Temminck) 造成的伤害之间的差异。在所有研究的案例中，与马鹿 (RD − 88.8%) 相比，梅花鹿 (SD − 77.3%) 对林分造成的猎物损害较低；平均 27.8% (SD) – 32.0% (RD) 的茎周受损。受损的树木表现出更高的生长变异性，对缺乏降水和干旱更敏感，而气温对健康树木的生长影响更大。在平均树龄的 11 (SD) – 14 (RD) 年观察到初始游戏损坏。与健康树木相比，轻度受损树木的茎体积降低了 25% (SD) – 28% (RD)，严重受损树木的茎体积降低了 50% (SD) – 71% (RD)。垂直茎腐烂最大可达 4.5 m (SD) – 6.0 m (RD)（平均 1.9–3.1 m），平均垂直蔓延速度为 5.7 cm yr−1 (SD) – 9.6 (RD) cm年-1。平均腐烂的木材占茎体积的 30% (SD) – 39% (RD)。剥皮造成的外围茎损伤和首次发生的年龄是预测茎中受损横切面积和垂直腐烂蔓延的重要因素。在这个气候变化的时期，