Forest management decisions about species mixture and harvest time are usually bound to economic considerations. Ecosystem services (ES), aside from timber production, are hardly considered. Although the consideration of multiple ES became common in recent years, it is still unclear how ES can be integrated into forest optimization and how this changes forest management. To show possible changes when different ES are considered, our study examined the impact of the market value of three ES (timber production, carbon storage and groundwater recharge) on management decisions under different levels of risk. We included two common European tree species (European beech and Norway spruce) as well as market risks and the risk of stand failure in our optimization. We examined how the optimal species composition and harvest schedule change when considering different ES. The inclusion of different ES changes the optimal harvest schedule and species composition. Including carbon storage leads to small changes in harvest schedule and species composition. Adding groundwater recharge led to a diversified portfolio but it consisted completely of European beech. We also discuss ecological complexities so far not considered in our approach and their possible consequences for the results.

关于物种混合和采伐时间的森林管理决策通常受经济因素的约束。除木材生产外，几乎不考虑生态系统服务。尽管近年来对多个ES的考虑变得很普遍，但仍不清楚如何将ES集成到森林优化中以及这如何改变森林管理。为了显示考虑不同ES时可能发生的变化，我们的研究检查了三种ES（木材生产，碳存储和地下水补给）的市场价值对不同风险水平下管理决策的影响。在优化过程中，我们包括了两种常见的欧洲树种（欧洲山毛榉和挪威云杉）以及市场风险和林分失败风险。当考虑不同的ES时，我们研究了最佳物种组成和收获时间表如何变化。包含不同的ES会改变最佳收获时间表和物种组成。包括碳存储在内，收获计划和物种组成的变化很小。增加地下水补给导致投资组合多样化，但完全由欧洲山毛榉组成。我们还将讨论到目前为止尚未考虑到的生态复杂性及其对结果的可能影响。