Models for future environmental change all involve global warming, whether slow or fast. Predicting how plants and animals will respond to such warming can be aided by using ecogeographic biological ‘rules’, some long-established, that make predictions based on observations in nature, as well as plausible physiological and ecological expectations. Bergmann’s rule is well known, namely that warm-blooded animals are generally smaller in warm climates, but six further temperature-related rules — Allen’s rule, Gloger’s rule, Hesse’s rule, Jordan’s rule, Rapoport’s rule and Thorson’s rule — are also worth considering as predictive tools. These rules have been discussed in the recent ecological and physiological literature, and in some cases meta-analytical studies of multiple studies show how they are applicable across taxa and in particular physical environmental situations.

未来环境变化的模型都涉及全球变暖，无论是缓慢的还是快速的。使用生态地理学生物“规则”可以帮助预测植物和动物将如何应对这种变暖，其中一些规则已经建立很久，这些规则基于对自然界的观察以及合理的生理和生态预期进行预测。伯格曼法则是众所周知的，即温血动物在温暖的气候中通常较小，但另外六个与温度相关的法则——艾伦法则、格洛格法则、黑塞法则、乔丹法则、拉波波特法则和托尔森法则——也值得考虑作为预测工具。这些规则已经在最近的生态和生理文献中讨论过，