The contemporary global agriculture is beset with serious threats from diverse eco-environmental conditions causing decreases in crop yields by ~ 15%. These yield losses might increase further due to climate change scenarios leading to increased food prices triggering social unrest and famines. Urbanization and industrialization are often associated with rapid increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially atmospheric CO₂ concentration [(CO₂)]. Increase in atmospheric [CO₂] significantly improved crop photosynthesis and productivity initially which vary with plant species, genotype, [CO₂] exposure time and biotic as well as abiotic stress factors. Numerous attempts have been made using different plant species to unravel the physiological, cellular and molecular effects of elevated [CO₂] as well as drought. This review focuses on plant responses to elevated [CO₂] and drought individually as well as in combination with special reference to physiology of photosynthesis including its acclimation. Furthermore, the functional role of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and its relation to photosynthetic acclimation and crop productivity under elevated [CO₂] and drought are reviewed. In addition, we also discussed different strategies to ameliorate the limitations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Further, improved stomatal and mesophyll conductance and NUE for enhanced crop productivity under fast changing global climate conditions through biotechnological approaches are also discussed here. We conclude that multiple gene editing approaches for key events in photosynthetic processes would serve as the best strategy to generate resilient crop plants with improved productivity under fast changing climate.

当代全球农业受到各种生态环境条件的严重威胁，导致作物产量下降约 15%。由于气候变化情景导致粮食价格上涨引发社会动荡和饥荒，这些产量损失可能会进一步增加。城市化和工业化通常与温室气体 (GHG) 尤其是大气 CO ₂浓度 [(CO ₂ )] 的快速增加有关。大气 [CO ₂ ] 的增加显着提高了作物的光合作用和最初的生产力，这随植物种类、基因型、[CO ₂] 暴露时间和生物以及非生物胁迫因素。已经进行了许多尝试，使用不同的植物物种来揭示升高的 [CO ₂ ] 以及干旱的生理、细胞和分子效应。本综述侧重于植物对升高的 [CO ₂ ] 和干旱的单独反应，以及对光合作用生理学（包括其驯化）的特别参考。此外，氮利用效率（NUE）的功能作用及其与光合驯化和作物生产力的_关系] 和干旱进行了审查。此外，我们还讨论了改善 1,5-二磷酸核酮糖 (RuBP) 羧化和 RuBP 再生局限性的不同策略。此外，本文还讨论了通过生物技术方法在快速变化的全球气候条件下改善气孔和叶肉导度和 NUE 以提高作物生产力。我们得出结论，针对光合作用过程中关键事件的多种基因编辑方法将作为在快速变化的气候下产生具有提高生产力的弹性作物的最佳策略。