Abstract Genetic and genomic architectures of traits under selection are key factors influencing evolutionary responses. Yet, knowledge of their impacts has been limited by a widespread assumption that most traits are controlled by unlinked polygenic architectures. Recent advances in genome sequencing and eco-evolutionary modeling are unlocking the potential for integrating genomic information into predictions of population responses to environmental change. Using eco-evolutionary simulations, we demonstrate that hypothetical single-locus control of a life history trait produces highly variable and unpredictable harvesting-induced evolution relative to the classically applied multilocus model. Single-locus control of complex traits is thought to be uncommon, yet blocks of linked genes, such as those associated with some types of structural genomic variation, have emerged as taxonomically widespread phenomena. Inheritance of linked architectures resembles that of single loci, thus enabling single-locus-like modeling of polygenic adaptation. Yet, the number of loci, their effect sizes, and the degree of linkage among them all occur along a continuum. We review how linked architectures are often associated, directly or indirectly, with traits expected to be under selection from anthropogenic stressors and are likely to play a large role in adaptation to environmental disturbance. We suggest using single-locus models to explore evolutionary extremes and uncertainties when the trait architecture is unknown, refining parameters as genomic information becomes available, and explicitly incorporating linkage among loci when possible. By overestimating the complexity (e.g., number of independent loci) of the genomic architecture of traits under selection, we risk underestimating the complexity (e.g., nonlinearity) of their evolutionary dynamics.

中文翻译：

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单基因座和紧密相连的基因组结构对环境变化进化反应的影响

摘要 选择性状的遗传和基因组结构是影响进化反应的关键因素。然而，人们对其影响的了解受到了普遍假设的限制，即大多数性状是由不相关的多基因结构控制的。基因组测序和生态进化模型的最新进展正在释放将基因组信息整合到人口对环境变化反应的预测中的潜力。使用生态进化模拟，我们证明了相对于经典应用的多基因座模型，假设的单基因座控制生活史性状会产生高度可变且不可预测的收获诱导进化。对复杂性状的单基因座控制被认为是不常见的，但连锁基因块，例如与某些类型的结构基因组变异相关的基因块，已成为分类学上广泛存在的现象。连锁结构的遗传类似于单基因座的遗传，从而实现多基因适应的单基因座样建模。然而，基因座的数量、它们的效应大小以及它们之间的连锁程度都是沿着连续体发生的。我们回顾了连锁结构通常如何直接或间接地与预期从人为应激源中选择的特征相关联，并且可能在适应环境干扰方面发挥重要作用。我们建议在性状结构未知时使用单基因座模型来探索进化极端和不确定性，在基因组信息可用时细化参数，并在可能的情况下明确纳入基因座之间的联系。通过高估选择下性状的基因组结构的复杂性（例如，独立基因座的数量），我们可能会低估其进化动力学的复杂性（例如，非线性）。