ABSTRACT

Introduction

The global frequency of endemic mycoses has considerably increased, mainly due to environmental changes, population growth in endemic areas, and the increase in HIV-related immunosuppressed status. Among the most frequent endemic mycoses are coccidioidomycosis in semi-desert climates, and paracoccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis in tropical climates. The inoculum can enter the host through the airway or directly through the skin. Lymphatic and hematogenous spread may involve the skin.

Areas covered

In this article, we provide up-to-date epidemiological and diagnostic data on major (histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis) and minor (talaromycosis, adiaspiromycosis, emergomycosis) endemic mycoses.

Expert opinion

Endemic mycoses include diseases with a localized endemic area, and a few of them converge. These mycoses all have in common the airway involvement and can cause pulmonary symptoms following initial asymptomatic infection. Among the risk groups to acquire these mycoses are travelers from endemic areas, archeologists, speleologists, and immigrants. Promising and useful diagnostic tools have been developed in endemic mycoses; however, most of them are not standardized or available in low-income countries.

中文翻译：

---

地方性真菌病：流行病学和诊断策略。

摘要

介绍

全球流行性真菌病的发生频率已大大增加，这主要是由于环境变化，流行地区人口的增长以及艾滋病毒相关免疫抑制状态的增加。半沙漠气候下最常见的地方性霉菌病是球菌病，热带气候下副球菌病和组织胞浆菌病。接种物可以通过气道或直接通过皮肤进入宿主。淋巴和血行性传播可能涉及皮肤。

覆盖区域

在本文中，我们提供了主要（组织胞浆菌病，副球菌类真菌病，球虫类球菌病，胚芽胞菌病）和次要（tal虫病，厌氧菌病，emergomycosis）地方性霉菌病的最新流行病学和诊断数据。

专家意见

地方性霉菌病包括具有局部地方性病区的疾病，其中一些会聚。这些霉菌病都有共同的气道受累，并可能在最初无症状感染后引起肺部症状。来自地方病地区的旅行者，考古学家，洞穴学家和移民是罹患这些真菌病的风险人群。在地方性真菌病中开发了有前途和有用的诊断工具。但是，其中大多数都不是标准化的，或者在低收入国家没有。