The prosumer market allows prosumers to sell their energy surplus to consumers. The prosumer should offer the amount of energy to sell and its unit price to the contracted consumers while economically operating their system. This paper presents optimal operations and business strategies to maximize the prosumer’s benefit by utilizing an energy storage system and ensuring a contract with residential consumers under a progressive pricing policy, where electricity unit price increases with the amount of monthly electricity consumption. By the proposed method, a prosumer under time-of-use pricing scheme stores abundant renewable energy or utility energy at a low price and uses it during a high-price period. Moreover, the proposed optimization can determine the amount of energy and the unit price that the prosumer will offer as a contract in a way that gives consumers strong motivation for the contract; the contract can eventually alleviate consumers’ electricity rates by avoiding a high-price zone. For optimization, a quadratic objective problem with quadratic constraints is formulated, and the interior-point algorithm with the Hessian function is used. This study investigates the effectiveness of the proposed method not only under the various penetration rates of renewables but in consideration of uncertainties of renewables and loads. Based on actual field data from Jeju Island of South Korea for 30 days, numerical simulations were performed, and the results indicate that the prosumer’s operating costs were reduced by about 12%, simultaneously offering a smaller contract price to the consumer. The Hessian function of the Lagrangian reduced the processing time for the optimization by a maximum of 98.3%. Finally, the ensemble forecast method generating multiple statistical scenarios was tested to address the uncertainty of renewables, showing that the uncertainty had no impact on the contract price and energy.

中文翻译：

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考虑在累进定价政策下与消费者签订合同的产消者能源管理

产消者市场允许产消者将剩余的能源出售给消费者。产消者应在经济运行其系统的同时向签约消费者提供要出售的能源数量及其单价。本文提出了最佳运营和商业策略，通过利用储能系统并确保在累进定价政策下与居民消费者签订合同，以最大限度地提高产消者的利益，其中电力单价随着每月用电量的增加而增加。通过所提出的方法，分时定价方案下的产消者以低价储存丰富的可再生能源或公用事业能源，并在高价时段使用。而且，提议的优化可以确定产消者作为合同提供的能源量和单价，从而使消费者对合同有强烈的动机；该合同最终可以通过避开高价区来减轻消费者的电费。为了优化，制定了具有二次约束的二次目标问题，并使用具有 Hessian 函数的内点算法。本研究不仅在可再生能源的各种渗透率下，而且在考虑可再生能源和负载的不确定性的情况下，研究了所提出方法的有效性。根据韩国济州岛30天的实际现场数据，进行数值模拟，结果表明产消者的运营成本降低了约12%，同时向消费者提供较低的合同价格。拉格朗日函数的 Hessian 函数将优化的处理时间最多减少了 98.3%。最后，对生成多个统计情景的集合预测方法进行了测试，以解决可再生能源的不确定性，表明该不确定性对合同价格和能源没有影响。