To gain a better insight into the selenium nanoparticle (nSe) benefits/toxicity, this experiment was carried out to address the behavior of bitter melon seedlings to nSe (0, 1, 4, 10, 30, and 50 mgL^-1) or bulk form (selenate). Low doses of nSe increased biomass accumulation, while concentrations of 10 mgL^-1 and above were associated with stem bending, impaired root meristem, and severe toxicity. Responses to nSe were distinct from that of bulk in that the nano-type exhibited a higher efficiency to stimulate growth and organogenesis than the bulk. The bulk form displayed higher phytotoxicity than the nano-type counterpart. According to the MSAP-based analysis, nSe mediated substantial variation in DNA cytosine methylation, reflecting the epigenetic modification. By increasing the concentration of nSe, the expression of the WRKY1 transcription factor linearly up-regulated (mean = 7.9-fold). Transcriptions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-Coumarate: CoA-ligase (4CL) genes were also induced. The nSe treatments at low concentrations enhanced the activity of leaf nitrate reductase (mean = 52%) in contrast with the treatment at toxic concentrations. The toxic concentration of nSe increased leaf proline concentration by 80%. The nSe supplement also stimulated the activities of peroxidase (mean = 35%) and catalase (mean = 10%) enzymes. The nSe-treated seedlings exhibited higher PAL activity (mean = 39%) and soluble phenols (mean = 50%). The nSe toxicity was associated with a disrupted differentiation of xylem conducting tissue. The callus formation and performance of the explants originated from the nSe-treated seedlings had a different trend than that of the control. This experiment provides new insights into the nSe-associated advantage/ cytotoxicity and further highlights the necessity of designing convincing studies to introduce novel methods for plant cell/tissue cultures and agriculture.

为了更好地了解硒纳米颗粒 (nSe) 的益处/毒性，本实验旨在解决苦瓜幼苗对 nSe（0、1、4、10、30 和 50 mgL ^-1 ）或散装硒的行为形式（硒酸盐）。低剂量的nSe增加了生物量积累，而10 mgL ^-1及以上的浓度与茎弯曲、根分生组织受损和严重毒性有关。对 nSe 的反应与本体的不同，因为纳米类型比本体表现出更高的刺激生长和器官发生的效率。块状形式比纳米型对应物表现出更高的植物毒性。根据基于 MSAP 的分析，nSe 介导 DNA 胞嘧啶甲基化的显着变化，反映了表观遗传修饰。通过增加 nSe 浓度， WRKY1转录因子的表达线性上调（平均值 = 7.9 倍）。苯丙氨酸解氨酶 ( PAL ) 和 4-香豆酸：辅酶 A 连接酶 ( 4CL ) 基因的转录也被诱导。与有毒浓度的处理相比，低浓度的 nSe 处理增强了叶片硝酸还原酶的活性（平均值 = 52%）。 nSe 的毒性浓度使叶片脯氨酸浓度增加 80%。硒补充剂还刺激过氧化物酶（平均值 = 35%）和过氧化氢酶（平均值 = 10%）的活性。经 nSe 处理的幼苗表现出较高的 PAL 活性（平均值 = 39%）和可溶性酚（平均值 = 50%）。 nSe 毒性与木质部传导组织分化破坏有关。源自 nSe 处理的幼苗的外植体的愈伤组织形成和性能与对照相比具有不同的趋势。 该实验提供了对 nSe 相关优势/细胞毒性的新见解，并进一步强调了设计令人信服的研究以引入植物细胞/组织培养和农业新方法的必要性。