Predicting the trajectory of ongoing diversity loss requires knowledge of historical development of community assemblages. Long-term data from palaeoecological investigations combined with key biodiversity measures in ecology such as taxonomic richness, functional diversity (FD), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and environmental factors expressed as Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs) could provide that knowledge. We explored the modern pollen–plant (moss polster pollen vs. surrounding vegetation) diversity relationships for herbaceous and woody taxa in calcareous fens from two different regions in Estonia, NE Europe. Associations of taxonomic richness, vegetation composition, FD (including functional alpha diversity and trait composition), PD and EIVs in modern pollen vs. plant data were studied with correlation analysis, Procrustes analysis and linear regression models. To test their potential use in palaeoreconstructions, diversity measures were applied on pollen data from Kanna spring fen reflecting fen vegetation development over the last nine millennia and diversity changes through time were studied using generalized additive models. Results showed significant pollen–plant richness correlations for herbaceous taxa at vegetation estimate scales up to 6 m radius and Procrustes analysis showed significant compositional associations at all plant estimate scales (up to 100 m). Woody taxa had no significant pollen–plant richness correlations but composition relationships were significant at plant estimate scales of 6–100 m. Traits that were best reflected by pollen data (both in terms of trait composition and functional alpha diversity) among woody and herbaceous taxa were seed number, clonality, SLA and LDMC. PD of herbaceous species was reflected by pollen data. Among the EIVs, Ellenberg L and T were significantly reflected by pollen data for both woody and herbaceous communities. Palaeoreconstruction from Kanna fen indicates that trends of woody taxa are mostly related to long-term changes in climate while diversity variables of herbaceous taxa closely follow autogenic processes within the fen. We suggest that pollen-based diversity estimates should be calculated separately for woody and herbaceous taxa as they clearly represent different spatial scales. Present study suggests that linking sedimentary pollen data with FD, PD and EIVs provides possibilities to examine long-term trends in community assembly and ecosystem processes that would be undetectable from traditional pollen diagrams.

中文翻译：

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现代花粉-植物多样性关系为钙质沼泽功能和系统发育多样性的古生态重建提供信息

预测正在进行的多样性丧失的轨迹需要了解社区组合的历史发展。来自古生态调查的长期数据结合生态学中的关键生物多样性措施，如分类丰富度、功能多样性 (FD)、系统发育多样性 (PD) 和以 Ellenberg 指标值 (EIV) 表示的环境因素，可以提供这些知识。我们探索了来自欧洲东北部爱沙尼亚两个不同地区的钙质沼泽中草本和木本分类群的现代花粉 - 植物（苔藓花粉与周围植被）多样性关系。通过相关分析研究了现代花粉与植物数据中分类丰富度、植被组成、FD（包括功能性 alpha 多样性和性状组成）、PD 和 EIV 的关联，Procrustes 分析和线性回归模型。为了测试它们在古建筑中的潜在用途，对来自 Kanna spring fen 的花粉数据应用了多样性测量，这些数据反映了过去 9 千年的 fen 植被发展，并使用广义加法模型研究了随时间的多样性变化。结果表明，草本类群的花粉 - 植物丰富度在植被估计范围内高达 6 m 半径有显着的相关性，Procrustes 分析显示在所有植物估计范围内（高达 100 m）都有显着的成分关联。木本分类群没有显着的花粉-植物丰富度相关性，但在 6-100 m 的植物估计尺度上，组成关系是显着的。木本和草本类群中花粉数据（在性状组成和功能性 alpha 多样性方面）最能反映的性状是种子数、克隆性、SLA 和 LDMC。花粉数据反映了草本物种的PD。在 EIV 中，木本和草本群落的花粉数据显着反映了 Ellenberg L 和 T。来自 Kanna fen 的 Palaeoreconstruction 表明，木本类群的趋势主要与气候的长期变化有关，而草本类群的多样性变量密切遵循 fen 内的自生过程。我们建议对木本和草本类群分别计算基于花粉的多样性估计，因为它们清楚地代表了不同的空间尺度。目前的研究表明，将沉积花粉数据与 FD 联系起来，