We reviewed the literature on toxicity of nanoparticulate nickel (nano‐Ni) to aquatic organisms, from the perspective of relevance and reliability in a regulatory framework. Our main findings were 1) much of the published nano‐Ni toxicity data is of low or medium quality in terms of reporting key physical–chemical properties, methodologies, and results, compared with published dissolved nickel studies; and 2) based on the available information, some common findings about nanoparticle (NP) toxicity are not supported for nano‐Ni. First, we concluded that nanoparticulate elemental nickel and nickel oxide, which differ in chemical composition, generally did not differ in their toxicity. Second, there is no evidence that the toxicity of nano‐Ni increases as the size of the NPs decreases. Third, for most organisms tested, nano‐Ni was not more toxic on a mass‐concentration basis than dissolved Ni. Fourth, there is conflicting evidence about whether the toxicity is directly caused by the NPs or by the dissolved fraction released from the NPs. However, no evidence suggests that any of the molecular, physiological, and structural mechanisms of nano‐Ni toxicity differ from the general pattern for many metal‐based nanomaterials, wherein oxidative stress underlies the observed effects. Physical–chemical factors in the design and conduct of nano‐Ni toxicity tests are important, but often they are not adequately reported (e.g., characteristics of dry nano‐Ni particles and of wetted particles in exposure waters; exposure‐water chemistry). Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1861–1883 © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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纳米颗粒镍对水生生物的毒性：毒性测试的回顾和改进建议。


我们从监管框架的相关性和可靠性的角度回顾了纳米颗粒镍（纳米镍）对水生生物的毒性文献。我们的主要发现是 1) 与已发表的溶解镍研究相比，许多已发表的纳米镍毒性数据在报告关键物理化学性质、方法和结果方面质量较低或中等； 2) 根据现有信息，有关纳米颗粒 (NP) 毒性的一些常见发现不支持纳米镍。首先，我们得出结论，纳米颗粒元素镍和氧化镍虽然化学成分不同，但毒性通常没有差异。其次，没有证据表明纳米镍的毒性随着纳米颗粒尺寸的减小而增加。第三，对于大多数测试的生物体来说，就质量浓度而言，纳米镍的毒性并不比溶解的镍更大。第四，关于毒性是由纳米颗粒直接引起还是由纳米颗粒释放的溶解部分引起，存在相互矛盾的证据。然而，没有证据表明纳米镍毒性的任何分子、生理和结构机制与许多金属基纳米材料的一般模式不同，其中氧化应激是观察到的效应的基础。纳米镍毒性测试的设计和实施中的物理化学因素很重要，但通常没有充分报告（例如，暴露水中干燥纳米镍颗粒和润湿颗粒的特征；暴露水化学）。环境毒理学化学2020；39:1861–1883 © 2020 作者。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。